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'Broken windows' and the risk of gonorrhea

Author

Listed:
  • Cohen, D.
  • Spear, S.
  • Scribner, R.
  • Kissinger, P.
  • Mason, K.
  • Wildgen, J.

Abstract

Objectives. We examined the relationships between neighborhood conditions and gonorrhea. Methods. We assessed 55 block groups by rating housing and street conditions. We mapped all cases of gonorrhea between 1994 and 1996 and calculated aggregated case rates by block group. We obtained public school inspection reports and assigned findings to the block groups served by the neighborhood schools. A 'broken windows' index measured housing quality, abondoned cars, graffiti, trash, and public school deterioration. Using data from the 1990 census and 1995 updates, we determined the association between 'broken windows,' demographic characteristics, and gonorrhea rates. Results. The broken windows index explained more of the variance in gonorrhea rates than did a poverty index measuring income, unemployment, and low education. In high-poverty neighborhood, block groups with high broken windows scores had significantly higher gonorrhea rates than block groups with low broken windows scores (46.6 per 1000 vs 25.8 per 1000; P

Suggested Citation

  • Cohen, D. & Spear, S. & Scribner, R. & Kissinger, P. & Mason, K. & Wildgen, J., 2000. "'Broken windows' and the risk of gonorrhea," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 90(2), pages 230-236.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2000:90:2:230-236_8
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    2. Franzini, Luisa & Caughy, Margaret & Spears, William & Eugenia Fernandez Esquer, Maria, 2005. "Neighborhood economic conditions, social processes, and self-rated health in low-income neighborhoods in Texas: A multilevel latent variables model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(6), pages 1135-1150, September.
    3. Eleni L. Tolma & Sara K. Vesely & Lindsay Boeckman & Roy F. Oman & Cheryl B. Aspy, 2022. "Youth Assets, Neighborhood Factors, Parental Income, and Tobacco Use: A Longitudinal Study of Health Disparities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-13, September.
    4. O'Brien, Daniel T. & Farrell, Chelsea & Welsh, Brandon C., 2019. "Broken (windows) theory: A meta-analysis of the evidence for the pathways from neighborhood disorder to resident health outcomes and behaviors," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 272-292.
    5. McNeill, Lorna Haughton & Kreuter, Matthew W. & Subramanian, S.V., 2006. "Social Environment and Physical activity: A review of concepts and evidence," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(4), pages 1011-1022, August.
    6. Michelle Kondo & Michelle Degli Esposti & Jonathan Jay & Christopher N. Morrison & Bridget Freisthler & Claire Jones & Jingzhen Yang & Deena Chisolm & Charles Branas & Bernadette Hohl, 2022. "Changes in crime surrounding an urban home renovation and rebuild programme," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 59(5), pages 1011-1030, April.
    7. Schaefer-McDaniel, Nicole & O'Brien Caughy, Margaret & O'Campo, Patricia & Gearey, Wayne, 2010. "Examining methodological details of neighbourhood observations and the relationship to health: A literature review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 277-292, January.
    8. Franzini, Luisa, 2008. "Self-rated health and trust in low-income Mexican-origin individuals in Texas," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(12), pages 1959-1969, December.
    9. Schaefer-McDaniel, Nicole & Dunn, James R. & Minian, Nadia & Katz, Danielle, 2010. "Rethinking measurement of neighborhood in the context of health research," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 71(4), pages 651-656, August.
    10. Galea, Sandro & Freudenberg, Nicholas & Vlahov, David, 2005. "Cities and population health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(5), pages 1017-1033, March.
    11. Hannah L F Cooper & Sabriya Linton & Mary E Kelley & Zev Ross & Mary E Wolfe & Yen-Tyng Chen & Maria Zlotorzynska & Josalin Hunter-Jones & Samuel R Friedman & Don C Des Jarlais & Barbara Tempalski & E, 2016. "Risk Environments, Race/Ethnicity, and HIV Status in a Large Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-21, March.
    12. Zanetta Gant & Larry Gant & Ruiguang Song & Leigh Willis & Anna Satcher Johnson, 2014. "A Census Tract–Level Examination of Social Determinants of Health among Black/African American Men with Diagnosed HIV Infection, 2005–2009—17 US Areas," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(9), pages 1-7, September.
    13. Abada, Teresa & Hou, Feng & Ram, Bali, 2007. "Racially mixed neighborhoods, perceived neighborhood social cohesion, and adolescent health in Canada," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 65(10), pages 2004-2017, November.
    14. Jennings, Jacky M. & Taylor, Ralph B. & Salhi, Rama A. & Furr-Holden, C. Debra M. & Ellen, Jonathan M., 2012. "Neighborhood drug markets: A risk environment for bacterial sexually transmitted infections among urban youth," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(8), pages 1240-1250.
    15. Jennings, Jacky M. & Hensel, Devon J. & Tanner, Amanda E. & Reilly, Meredith L. & Ellen, Jonathan M., 2014. "Are social organizational factors independently associated with a current bacterial sexually transmitted infection among urban adolescents and young adults?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 52-60.
    16. Yeeli Mui & Jessica C. Jones-Smith & Rachel L. J. Thornton & Keshia Pollack Porter & Joel Gittelsohn, 2017. "Relationships between Vacant Homes and Food Swamps: A Longitudinal Study of an Urban Food Environment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, November.
    17. Tom W. Smith & Jibum Kim, 2013. "An Assessment of the Multi-level Integrated Database Approach," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 645(1), pages 185-221, January.
    18. Ousey, Graham C., 2017. "Crime is not the only problem: Examining why violence & adverse health outcomes co-vary across large U.S. counties," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 29-41.
    19. Inagami, Sanae & Cohen, Deborah A. & Finch, Brian K., 2007. "Non-residential neighborhood exposures suppress neighborhood effects on self-rated health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 65(8), pages 1779-1791, October.
    20. Semaan, Salaam & Sternberg, Maya & Zaidi, Akbar & Aral, Sevgi O., 2007. "Social capital and rates of gonorrhea and syphilis in the United States: Spatial regression analyses of state-level associations," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(11), pages 2324-2341, June.
    21. Cohen, Deborah A. & Ghosh-Dastidar, Bonnie & Scribner, Richard & Miu, Angela & Scott, Molly & Robinson, Paul & Farley, Thomas A. & Bluthenthal, Ricky N. & Brown-Taylor, Didra, 2006. "Alcohol outlets, gonorrhea, and the Los Angeles civil unrest: A longitudinal analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(12), pages 3062-3071, June.

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