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Disproportionate exposures in environmental justice and other populations: The importance of outliers

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  • Gochfeld, M.
  • Burger, J.

Abstract

We examined traditional environmental justice populations and other groups whose exposure to contaminants is often disproportionately high. Risk assessment methods may not identify these populations, particularly if they are spatially dispersed. We suggest using a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey approach to oversample minority communities and develop methods for assessing exposure at different distances from pollution sources; publishing arithmetic and geometric means and full distributions for minority populations; and paying particular attention to high-end exposures. Means may sufficiently characterize populations as a whole but are inadequate in identifying vulnerable groups and subgroups. The number of individuals above the 95th percentile of any distribution may be small and unrepresentative, but these outliers are the ones who need to be protected.

Suggested Citation

  • Gochfeld, M. & Burger, J., 2011. "Disproportionate exposures in environmental justice and other populations: The importance of outliers," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(SUPPL. 1), pages 53-63.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2011.300121_9
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300121
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    Cited by:

    1. Moon Joon Kim & Xiaolin Xie & Xiaochen Zhang, 2021. "How Does an Environmental Amenity Attract Voluntary Migrants? Evidence from Ambient Air Quality in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Catherine E. LePrevost & Kathleen M. Gray & Mercedes Hernández-Pelletier & Brennan D. Bouma & Consuelo Arellano & W. Gregory Cope, 2013. "Need for Improved Risk Communication of Fish Consumption Advisories to Protect Maternal and Child Health: Influence of Primary Informants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-15, April.
    3. Stefka Fidanova & Petar Zhivkov & Olympia Roeva, 2022. "InterCriteria Analysis Applied on Air Pollution Influence on Morbidity," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-8, April.
    4. J. Paul Leavell, 2016. "Point redemption matters: A response to Murthi et al (2011)," Journal of Financial Services Marketing, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(4), pages 298-307, December.
    5. Yuqin Jiao & Julie K. Bower & Wansoo Im & Nicholas Basta & John Obrycki & Mohammad Z. Al-Hamdan & Allison Wilder & Claire E. Bollinger & Tongwen Zhang & Luddie Sr. Hatten & Jerrie Hatten & Darryl B. H, 2015. "Application of Citizen Science Risk Communication Tools in a Vulnerable Urban Community," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-24, December.
    6. Gaurav Jha & Vanaja Kankarla & Everald McLennon & Suman Pal & Debjani Sihi & Biswanath Dari & Dawson Diaz & Mallika Nocco, 2021. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: Environmental Exposure and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-20, November.
    7. Bhar, Soumyajit & Lele, Sharachchandra & Min, Jihoon & Rao, Narasimha D., 2024. "Water, air pollution and carbon footprints of conspicuous/luxury consumption in India," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    8. Lee, Eun Kyung & Donley, Gwendolyn & Ciesielski, Timothy H. & Gill, India & Yamoah, Owusua & Roche, Abigail & Martinez, Roberto & Freedman, Darcy A., 2022. "Health outcomes in redlined versus non-redlined neighborhoods: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).

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