IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejpol/v16y2024i3p95-132.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Did the Paycheck Protection Program Help Small Businesses? Evidence from Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

Author

Listed:
  • Sumit Agarwal
  • Brent W. Ambrose
  • Luis A. Lopez
  • Xue Xiao

Abstract

In this study, we examine the broader economic effects of the US federal government's Paycheck Protection Program by focusing on the performance of securitized commercial mortgages. We provide novel evidence for spillover effects of government interventions in the face of economic crises. We find that the PPP reduced mortgage delinquencies by approximately $36 billion in 2020. The strongest effects occur when PPP funds targeted businesses in areas most affected by COVID-19, where banks overperformed in providing PPP loans, and among mortgages on properties in retail and lodging. Thus, PPP relief to small businesses eased economic distress beyond the labor market.

Suggested Citation

  • Sumit Agarwal & Brent W. Ambrose & Luis A. Lopez & Xue Xiao, 2024. "Did the Paycheck Protection Program Help Small Businesses? Evidence from Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 16(3), pages 95-132, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:aea:aejpol:v:16:y:2024:i:3:p:95-132
    DOI: 10.1257/pol.20220181
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20220181
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3886/E183283V1
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20220181.appx
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20220181.ds
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to AEA members and institutional subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1257/pol.20220181?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Arpit Gupta, 2019. "Foreclosure Contagion and the Neighborhood Spillover Effects of Mortgage Defaults," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 74(5), pages 2249-2301, October.
    2. David Glancy & Robert Kurtzman & Lara Loewenstein & Joseph Nichols, 2023. "Recourse as shadow equity: Evidence from commercial real estate loans," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 51(5), pages 1108-1136, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Biswas, Arnab & Cunningham, Chris & Gerardi, Kristopher & Sexton, Daniel, 2021. "Foreclosure externalities and Vacant Property Registration Ordinances," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    2. Matteo Benetton, 2021. "Leverage Regulation and Market Structure: A Structural Model of the U.K. Mortgage Market," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 76(6), pages 2997-3053, December.
    3. Christa N. Gibbs & Benedict Guttman-Kenney & Donghoon Lee & Scott Nelson & Wilbert Van der Klaauw & Jialan Wang, 2024. "Consumer Credit Reporting Data," Staff Reports 1114, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    4. Marcel Fischer & Roland Füss & Simon Stehle, 2021. "Local house price comovements," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 49(S1), pages 169-198, March.
    5. Francis Wong, 2024. "Taxing Homeowners Who Won’t Borrow," CESifo Working Paper Series 11185, CESifo.
    6. Martin Brown & Jan Schmitz & Christian Zehnder, 2023. "Moral Constraints, Social Norm Enforcement and Strategic Default in Weak and Strong Economic Conditions," Working Papers 23.03, Swiss National Bank, Study Center Gerzensee.
    7. Stuart Gabriel & Matteo Iacoviello & Chandler Lutz, 2021. "A Crisis of Missed Opportunities? Foreclosure Costs and Mortgage Modification During the Great Recession [Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of California," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(2), pages 864-906.
    8. Kleiner, Kristoph & Stoffman, Noah & Yonker, Scott E., 2021. "Friends with bankruptcy protection benefits," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(2), pages 578-605.
    9. Bian, Bo & Li, Yingxiang & Nigro, Casimiro A., 2022. "Conflicting fiduciary duties and fire sales of VC-backed start-ups," LawFin Working Paper Series 35, Goethe University, Center for Advanced Studies on the Foundations of Law and Finance (LawFin).
    10. Alaina Barca & Larry Santucci & Leigh-Ann Schultz, 2022. "Foreclosure Kids: Examining the Early Adult Credit Usage of Adolescents Affected by Foreclosure," Working Papers 22-21, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    11. Arpit Gupta & Christopher Hansman, 2022. "Selection, Leverage, and Default in the Mortgage Market," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 35(2), pages 720-770.
    12. Chen, Denghui & Kiefer, Hua & Liu, Xiaodong, 2022. "Estimation of discrete choice network models with missing outcome data," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    13. W. Ben Mccartney & John Orellana‐Li & Calvin Zhang, 2024. "Political Polarization Affects Households' Financial Decisions: Evidence from Home Sales," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 79(2), pages 795-841, April.
    14. Victor Medina-Olivares & Finn Lindgren & Raffaella Calabrese & Jonathan Crook, 2023. "Joint model for longitudinal and spatio-temporal survival data," Papers 2311.04008, arXiv.org.
    15. Rebecca Diamond & Adam Guren & Rose Tan, 2020. "The Effect of Foreclosures on Homeowners, Tenants, and Landlords," NBER Working Papers 27358, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    16. Ganduri, Rohan & Maturana, Gonzalo, 2024. "Do property rehabs affect neighboring property prices?," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    17. Fernando V. Ferreira & Maisy Wong, 2022. "Neighborhood Choice After COVID: The Role of Rents, Amenities, and Work-From-Home," NBER Working Papers 29960, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. Kanis Saengchote, 2023. "Developers' Leverage, Capital Market Financing, and Fire Sale Externalities Evidence from the Thai Condominium Market," Papers 2312.05013, arXiv.org.
    19. Theresa Kuchler & Johannes Stroebel, 2021. "Social Finance," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 13(1), pages 37-55, November.
    20. W. Ben McCartney & Avni Shah, 2021. "Household Mortgage Refinancing Decisions Are Neighbor Influenced," Working Papers 21-16, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • L25 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Firm Performance
    • R33 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:aea:aejpol:v:16:y:2024:i:3:p:95-132. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Michael P. Albert (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/aeaaaea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.