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The Effect of Mergers on Consumer Prices: Evidence from Five Mergers on the Enforcement Margin
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- Charpin, Ariane & Piechucka, Joanna, 2021. "Merger efficiency gains: Evidence from a large transport merger in france," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
- Xiangrui Wang & Ron C. Mittelhammer & Thomas L. Marsh & Jill J. McCluskey, 2023. "Is Divestiture Effective as a Merger Remedy in the U.S. Beer Industry?," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 62(1), pages 1-18, February.
- Tropeano, Jean-Philippe, 2020.
"Ex ante or Ex post? When the timing of merger assessment is up to the merging firms,"
Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
- Jean-Philippe Tropeano, 2020. "Ex ante or Ex post? When the timing of merger assessment is up to the merging firms," Post-Print halshs-02875213, HAL.
- Jean-Philippe Tropeano, 2020. "Ex ante or Ex post? When the timing of merger assessment is up to the merging firms," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-02875213, HAL.
- Nilsen, Øivind Anti & Sørgard, Lars & Ulsaker, Simen A., 2016.
"Upstream merger in a successive oligopoly: Who pays the price?,"
International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 143-172.
- Nilsen, Øivind Anti & Sørgard, Lars & Ulsaker, Simen A., 2013. "Upstream Merger in a Successive Oligopoly: Who Pays the Price?," Discussion Paper Series in Economics 17/2013, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics.
- Gugler, Klaus & Szücs, Florian, 2016.
"Merger externalities in oligopolistic markets,"
International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 230-254.
- Klaus Gugler & Florian Szücs, 2013. "Merger Externalities in Oligopolistic Markets," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1321, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Simon Porcher, 2019. "Does Contracting for the Provision of Public Services Decrease Prices? Evidence from French Water Public Services," Working Papers hal-02145863, HAL.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla, 2022.
"The Effect of Input Price Discrimination on Retail Prices: Theory and Evidence from France,"
Working Papers SMART
22-06, INRAE UMR SMART.
- Allain, Marie-Laure & Chambolle, Claire & Turolla, Stéphane, 2022. "The Effect of Input Price Discrimination on Retail Prices: Theory and Evidence from France," Working Papers 327329, Institut National de la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departement Sciences Sociales, Agriculture et Alimentation, Espace et Environnement (SAE2).
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla, 2022. "The Effect of Input Price Discrimination on Retail Prices: Theory and Evidence from France [L’effet de la discrimination des prix sur le marché amont sur les prix de détail : théorie et empiriques ," Working Papers hal-03826554, HAL.
- Holler, Emanuel & Rickert, Dennis, 2022. "How resale price maintenance and loss leading affect upstream cartel stability: Anatomy of a coffee cartel," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
- Carril, Rodrigo & Duggan, Mark, 2020.
"The impact of industry consolidation on government procurement: Evidence from Department of Defense contracting,"
Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
- Rodrigo Carril & Mark Duggan, 2018. "The Impact of Industry Consolidation on Government Procurement: Evidence from Department of Defense Contracting," NBER Working Papers 25160, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Emilie Dargaud & Carlo Reggiani, 2015.
"On The Price Effects Of Horizontal Mergers: A Theoretical Interpretation,"
Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 67(3), pages 236-255, July.
- Emilie Dargaud & Carlo Reggiani, 2012. "On the Price Effects of Horizontal Mergers: A Theoretical Interpretation," Economics Discussion Paper Series 1201, Economics, The University of Manchester.
- Emilie Dargaud & Carlo Reggiani, 2012. "On the Price Effects of Horizontal Mergers : A Theoretical Interpretation," Working Papers 1222, Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon St-Étienne (GATE Lyon St-Étienne), Université de Lyon.
- Emilie Dargaud & Carlo Reggiani, 2013. "On the Price Effects of Horizontal Mergers : A Theoretical Interpretation," Post-Print halshs-00861685, HAL.
- Emilie Dargaud & Carlo Reggiani, 2012. "On the Price Effects of Horizontal Mergers : A Theoretical Interpretation," Working Papers halshs-00717467, HAL.
- Ralph Siebert, 2017. "Heterogeneous Merger Impacts on Competitive Outcomes," CESifo Working Paper Series 6607, CESifo.
- Vanessa Alviarez & Keith Head & Thierry Mayer, 2020.
"Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition,"
Working Papers
wp2020_2009, CEMFI.
- Alviarez, Vanessa & Head, Keith & Mayer, Thierry, 2021. "Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 11329, Inter-American Development Bank.
- Vanessa Alviarez & Keith Head & Thierry Mayer, 2021. "Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition," Working Papers hal-03389199, HAL.
- Mayer, Thierry & Alviarez, Vanessa & Head, Keith, 2020. "Global giants and local stars: How changes in brand ownership affect competition," CEPR Discussion Papers 14628, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Vanessa Alviarez & Keith Head & Thierry Mayer, 2020. "Global giants and local stars: How changes in brand ownership affect competition," Working Papers 2020-13, CEPII research center.
- Vanessa Alviarez & Keith Head & Thierry Mayer, 2021. "Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03389199, HAL.
- Vanessa Alviarez & Keith Head & Thierry Mayer, 2021. "Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition," SciencePo Working papers hal-03389199, HAL.
- David J. Balan & Keith Brand, 2023. "Simulating Hospital Merger Simulations," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 71(1), pages 47-123, March.
- Christian Leuz, 2018.
"Evidence-based policymaking: promise, challenges and opportunities for accounting and financial markets research,"
Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(5), pages 582-608, July.
- Leuz, Christian, 2018. "Evidence-based policymaking: Promise, challenges and opportunities for accounting and financial markets research," CFS Working Paper Series 611, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
- Christian Leuz, 2018. "Evidence-Based Policymaking: Promise, Challenges and Opportunities for Accounting and Financial Markets Research," NBER Working Papers 24535, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kadner-Graziano, Alessandro, 2022. "Mergers of Complements: On the Absence of Consumer Benefits," VfS Annual Conference 2022 (Basel): Big Data in Economics 264127, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Gugler, Klaus & Szücs, Florian, 2023.
"Market Power and Regulation in Pharmaceutical Markets,"
Department of Economics Working Paper Series
343, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
- Klaus Gugler & Florian Szücs, 2023. "Market Power and Regulation in Pharmaceutical Markets," Department of Economics Working Papers wuwp343, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department of Economics.
- Orley C. Ashenfelter & Daniel S. Hosken & Matthew C. Weinberg, 2013.
"The Price Effects of a Large Merger of Manufacturers: A Case Study of Maytag-Whirlpool,"
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 5(1), pages 239-261, February.
- Orley C. Ashenfelter & Daniel S. Hosken & Matthew C. Weinberg, 2011. "The Price Effects of a Large Merger of Manufacturers: A Case Study of Maytag-Whirlpool," NBER Working Papers 17476, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Michael A. Salinger, 2024. "The 2023 Merger Guidelines and The Role of Economics," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 65(1), pages 243-253, August.
- Emilie Dargaud, 2013.
"Horizontal mergers, efficiency gains and remedies,"
European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 36(2), pages 349-372, October.
- Emilie Dargaud, 2013. "Horizontal mergers, efficiency gains and remedies," Post-Print halshs-00799512, HAL.
- Christos Genakos & Andreas Lamprinidis & James Walker, 2023. "Evaluating merger effects," CEP Discussion Papers dp1921, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/6q707l4svn8k3bt630nhgdqgdu is not listed on IDEAS
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia Villas-Boas, 2013.
"The Impact of Retail Mergers on Food Prices: Evidence from France,"
Working Papers
hal-00920460, HAL.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia B. villas-boas, 2014. "The impact of retail mergers on food prices: evidence from France," Working Papers SMART 14-02, INRAE UMR SMART.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia Villas-Boas, 2013. "The impact of retail mergers on food prices: evidence from France," Working Papers hal-01208851, HAL.
- Villas-Boas, Sofia B & Turolla, Stephane & Chambolle, Claire & Allain, MArie-Laure, 2016. "The Impact of Retail Mergers on Food Prices: Evidence from France," Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley, Working Paper Series qt30t981mm, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia B. Villas-Boas, 2013. "The Impact of Retail Mergers on Food Prices : Evidence from France," Working Papers 2013-18, Center for Research in Economics and Statistics.
- Allain, Marie-Laure & Chambolle, Claire & Turolla, Stéphane & Villas-Boas, Sophia B., 2014. "The impact of retail mergers on food prices: evidence from France," Working Papers 207812, Institut National de la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departement Sciences Sociales, Agriculture et Alimentation, Espace et Environnement (SAE2).
- Budzinski, Oliver & Haucap, Justus, 2019.
"Kartellrecht und Ökonomik: Institutions matter!,"
DICE Ordnungspolitische Perspektiven
102, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
- Budzinski, Oliver & Haucap, Justus, 2019. "Kartellrecht und Ökonomik: Institutions Matter!," Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers 129, Ilmenau University of Technology, Institute of Economics.
- Koki Arai, 2017. "Ex-post examination of mergers: effects on retail prices," Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1-2), pages 145-162, April.
- Brito, Duarte & Pereira, Pedro & Ramalho, Joaquim J.S., 2013.
"Mergers, coordinated effects and efficiency in the Portuguese non-life insurance industry,"
International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 554-568.
- Duarte Miguel Machado Carneiro de Brito & Pedro Pereira & Joaquim José dos Santos Ramalho, 2013. "Mergers, Coordinated Effects and Efficiency in the Portuguese Non-Life Insurance Industry," CEFAGE-UE Working Papers 2013_18, University of Evora, CEFAGE-UE (Portugal).
- Orley Ashenfelter & Daniel Hosken & Matthew Weinberg, 2014.
"Did Robert Bork Understate the Competitive Impact of Mergers? Evidence from Consummated Mergers,"
Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 57(S3), pages 67-100.
- Orley C. Ashenfelter & Daniel Hosken & Matthew C. Weinberg, 2014. "Did Robert Bork Understate the Competitive Impact of Mergers? Evidence from Consummated Mergers," NBER Working Papers 19939, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Duso, Tomaso & Szücs, Florian & Böckers, Veit, 2020.
"Abuse of dominance and antitrust enforcement in the German electricity market,"
EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 92, pages 1-40.
- Duso, Tomaso & Szücs, Florian & Böckers, Veit, 2020. "Abuse of dominance and antitrust enforcement in the German electricity market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
- Tomaso Duso & Florian Szücs & Veit Böckers, 2017. "Abuse of Dominance and Antitrust Enforcement in the German Electricity Market," CESifo Working Paper Series 6681, CESifo.
- Tomaso Duso & Florian Szücs & Veit Böckers, 2017. "Abuse of Dominance and Antitrust Enforcement in the German Electricity Market," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1685, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Jeff Thurk, 2015. "Measuring the Unequal Implications of One Size Fits All Regulation," 2015 Meeting Papers 1251, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Genakos, Christos & Lamprinidis, Andreas & Walker, James, 2023. "Evaluating merger effects," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 121325, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Benno Buehler & Gábor Koltay & Xavier Boutin & Massimo Motta, 2014. "Recent Developments at DG Competition: 2013–2014," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 45(4), pages 399-415, December.
- Miravete, Eugenio & Seim, Katja & Thurk, Jeff, 2013.
"Complexity, Efficiency, and Fairness of Multi-Product Monopoly Pricing,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
9641, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Eugenio J. Miravete & Katja Seim & Jeff Thurk, 2014. "Complexity, Efficiency, and Fairness of Multi-Product Monopoly Pricing," CESifo Working Paper Series 4692, CESifo.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia B. Villas-Boas, 2017.
"Retail Mergers and Food Prices: Evidence from France,"
Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 65(3), pages 469-509, September.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia Villas-Boas, 2017. "Retail Mergers And Food Prices: Evidence From France ," Post-Print hal-03283941, HAL.
- Marie-Laure Allain & Claire Chambolle & Stéphane Turolla & Sofia Villas-Boas, 2017. "Retail Mergers and Food Prices: Evidence from France," Post-Print hal-03542103, HAL.
- Allain, Marie‐Laure & Chambolle, Claire & Turolla, Stéphane & Villas‐Boas, Sofia B, 2017. "Retail Mergers and Food Prices: Evidence from France," Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley, Working Paper Series qt7th5b6qc, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley.
- Lauren Russell, 2021. "Price Effects of Nonprofit College and University Mergers," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 103(1), pages 88-101, March.
- repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/6q707l4svn8k3bt630nhgdqgdu is not listed on IDEAS
- Luke Garrod & Bruce Lyons, 2016. "Early Settlement in European Merger Control," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 64(1), pages 27-63, March.
- Ralph B. Siebert, 2019. "Estimating Differential Dynamic Merger Effects on Market Structure and Entry in Related Markets," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 55(3), pages 431-458, November.
- Koski, Heli & Pajarinen, Mika, 2013. "Empirical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Competition Policy," ETLA Working Papers 15, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy.
- Buettner, Thomas & Federico, Giulio & Lorincz, Szabolcs, 2016. "The Use of Quantitative Economic Techniques in EU Merger Control," MPRA Paper 76384, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Robert Kulick, 2017. "Ready-to-Mix: Horizontal Mergers, Prices, and Productivity," Working Papers 17-38, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
- repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/6q707l4svn8k3bt630nhgdqgdu is not listed on IDEAS
- Hugo Molina, 2024. "Buyer Alliances in Vertically Related Markets," Working Papers hal-03340176, HAL.
- Donato Masciandaro & Ariela Caglio & Sébastien Laffitte & Gianmarco Ottaviano, 2022.
"Has Financial Fair Play Changed European Football?,"
BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers
22189, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Caglio, Ariela & Laffitte, Sebastien & Masciandaro, Donato & Ottaviano, Gianmarco Ireo Paolo, 2023. "Has financial fair play changed European football?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 121307, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Ariela Caglio & Sebastien Laffitte & Donato Masciandaro & Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano, 2023. "Has financial fair play changed European football?," CEP Discussion Papers dp1952, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Stephen Martin, 2012. "Market Structure and Market Performance," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 40(2), pages 87-108, March.
- Koch, Thomas G. & Wendling, Brett W. & Wilson, Nathan E., 2017. "How vertical integration affects the quantity and cost of care for Medicare beneficiaries," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 19-32.
- Grigolon, Laura & Leheyda, Nina & Verboven, Frank, 2016.
"Scrapping subsidies during the financial crisis — Evidence from Europe,"
International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 41-59.
- Verboven, Frank & Leheyda, Nina, 2013. "Scrapping Subsidies during the Financial Crisis - Evidence from the Europe," CEPR Discussion Papers 9629, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Leheyda, Nina & Verboven, Frank, 2013. "Scrapping subsidies during the financial crisis: Evidence from Europe," ZEW Discussion Papers 13-079, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
- Nina LEHEYDA & Frank VERBOVEN, 2013. "Scrapping subsidies during the financial crisis - Evidence from the Europe," Working Papers of Department of Economics, Leuven ces13.13, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Department of Economics, Leuven.
- Jonas Björnerstedt & Frank Verboven, 2016. "Does Merger Simulation Work? Evidence from the Swedish Analgesics Market," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 8(3), pages 125-164, July.
- Friberg, Richard & Romahn, André, 2015. "Divestiture requirements as a tool for competition policy: A case from the Swedish beer market," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1-18.
- Patrick Cayseele & Stijn Vanormelingen, 2019. "Merger Analysis in Two-Sided Markets: The Belgian Newspaper Industry," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 54(3), pages 509-541, May.
- Ralph B. Siebert, 2022. "What Determines Heterogeneous Merger Effects on Competitive Outcomes?," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 70(1), pages 217-256, March.
- Cavenaile, Laurent & Celik, Murat Alp & Tian, Xu, 2021. "The Dynamic Effects of Antitrust Policy on Growth and Welfare," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 42-59.
- De Nijs, Romain, 2012. "The price discrimination effect of a large merger of parking garages," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 928-931.
- Gugler, Klaus & Szücs, Florian, 2013. "Spillover effects in oligopolistic markets," VfS Annual Conference 2013 (Duesseldorf): Competition Policy and Regulation in a Global Economic Order 79905, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Carl Shapiro, 2019. "Protecting Competition in the American Economy: Merger Control, Tech Titans, Labor Markets," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 33(3), pages 69-93, Summer.
- Christos Genakos & Andreas Lamprinidis & James Walker, 2023. "Evaluating merger effects," POID Working Papers 072, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Daniel Czarnievicz & Leandro Zipitría, 2018. "Concentración y precios en cinco mercados minoristas," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 0618, Department of Economics - dECON.
- Franco Mariuzzo & Peter L. Ormosi, 2017. "Post-merger price dynamics matter, so why do merger retrospectives ignore them?," Working Paper series, University of East Anglia, Centre for Competition Policy (CCP) 2016-05, Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK..
- repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/6q707l4svn8k3bt630nhgdqgdu is not listed on IDEAS
- John Kwoka & Chengyan Gu, 2015. "Predicting Merger Outcomes: The Accuracy of Stock Market Event Studies, Market Structure Characteristics, and Agency Decisions," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 58(3).
- Ariane Charpin & Joanna Piechucka, 2020. "Merger Efficiency Gains: Evidence from a Large Transport Merger in France," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1843, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Marc Ivaldi & Jiekai Zhang, 2022. "Platform Mergers: Lessons from a Case in the Digital TV Market," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 70(3), pages 591-630, September.
- Le Huubinh B. & Yimga Jules, 2019. "Market Power and Marginal Cost Effects in Competing Markets: Evidence from Airline Mergers," Review of Network Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 18(2), pages 63-108, June.
- Langinier, Corinne & Ray Chaudhuri, Amrita, 2024. "Merger Review under Asymmetric Information," Working Papers 2024-9, University of Alberta, Department of Economics.
- Joseph Farrell & Paul Pautler & Michael Vita, 2009. "Economics at the FTC: Retrospective Merger Analysis with a Focus on Hospitals," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 35(4), pages 369-385, December.
- John (Jianqiu) Bai & Wang Jin & Matthew Serfling, 2022. "Management Practices and Mergers and Acquisitions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(3), pages 2141-2165, March.
- Rabbani, Maysam, 2023. "Mergers with future rivals can boost prices, bar entry, and intensify market concentration," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
- Tiago Pires & André Trindade, 2018. "Ex-post Evaluation of Mergers in the Supermarket Industry," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 52(3), pages 473-496, May.
- Norbert Maier & Julie Runge Jørgensen & Asger Lunde & Otto Toivanen, 2021. "Ex-post Analysis of the TeliaSonera-Chess 2005 Merger," De Economist, Springer, vol. 169(2), pages 141-178, May.
- Kiriti Kanjilal & Ana Espinola-Arredondo & Felix Munoz-Garcia, 2024. "Strategic Merger Approvals Under Incomplete Information," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 65(3), pages 759-791, November.
- Maxim Sinitsyn, 2020. "Evaluating horizontal mergers in the presence of price promotions," Quantitative Marketing and Economics (QME), Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 39-60, March.
- Shapiro, Carl, 2018. "Antitrust in a time of populism," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 714-748.