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Internationalization and Firm Risk: An Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis

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  1. Estrin, Saul & Meyer, Klaus E. & Nielsen, Bo B. & Nielsen, Sabina, 2016. "Home country institutions and the internationalization of state owned enterprises: A cross-country analysis," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 294-307.
  2. Sukhbir Sandhu & Marc Orlitzky & Céline Louche, 2018. "How nation-level background governance conditions shape the economic payoffs of corporate environmental performance," Post-Print hal-01916944, HAL.
  3. Luis Alfonso Dau & Randall Morck & Bernard Yin Yeung, 2021. "Business groups and the study of international business: A Coasean synthesis and extension," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(2), pages 161-211, March.
  4. Joliet, Robert & Muller, Aline, 2016. "Are foreign earnings disclosures value-relevant?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 170-183.
  5. Kang, Youngho & Kim, Ryoonhee & Whang, Unjung, 2023. "International knowledge transfers and capital structure of multinational affiliates: Evidence from expatriate managers as the transfer agents," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
  6. Beugelsdijk, Sjoerd & Frijns, Bart, 2010. "A cultural explanation of the foreign bias in international asset allocation," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(9), pages 2121-2131, September.
  7. Zhang, John Fan & So, Jacky Yuk-chow, 2024. "The effect of corruption exposure on the ESG performance of multinational firms11We greatly appreciate the valuable feedback from the editor Hui Guo. John Fan Zhang is an assistant professor and Jacky," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
  8. Justine Pedrono, 2016. "Currency Diversification of Banks: A Spontaneous Buffer Against Financial Losses," AMSE Working Papers 1611, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
  9. Rafael Borges Ribeiro & Vinícius Silva Pereira & Karem Cristina de Sousa Ribeiro, 2017. "Capital Structure, Internationalization and Countries of Destination of Brazilian Companies: An Analysis of the Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis," Brazilian Business Review, Fucape Business School, vol. 14(6), pages 575-591, November.
  10. Jouida, Sameh & Hellara, Slaheddine, 2018. "Diversification and target leverage of financial institutions," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 11-35.
  11. Jafarinejad, Mohammad & Ngo, Thanh & Escobari, Diego, 2018. "Disentangling the impacts of industrial and global diversification on firm risk," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 39-56.
  12. Akbel, Basak & Schnitzer, Monika, 2011. "Creditor rights and debt allocation within multinationals," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1367-1379, June.
  13. Baek, H. Young, 2004. "Corporate diversification and performance: evidence on production efficiency," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 135-152, April.
  14. Anthony Goerzen & Stephen Sapp & Andrew Delios, 2010. "Investor Response to Environmental Risk in Foreign Direct Investment," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 50(6), pages 683-708, December.
  15. Peter Neuhäusler & Torben Schubert & Rainer Frietsch & Knut Blind, 2016. "Managing portfolio risk in strategic technology management: evidence from a panel data-set of the world's largest R&D performers," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(7), pages 651-667, October.
  16. Chenxi Zhou & Jinhong Xie & Qi Wang, 2016. "Failure to Complete Cross-Border M&As: “To” vs. “From” Emerging Markets," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(9), pages 1077-1105, December.
  17. Shumi Akhtar & Farida Akhtar & Maria Jahromi & Kose John, 2023. "Volatility linkages and value gains from diversifying with Islamic assets," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(8), pages 1495-1528, October.
  18. Aybar, Bülent & Thanakijsombat, Thanarerk, 2015. "Financing decisions and gains from cross-border acquisitions by emerging-market acquirers," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 69-80.
  19. Aggarwal, Raj & Kyaw, NyoNyo Aung, 2010. "Capital structure, dividend policy, and multinationality: Theory versus empirical evidence," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 140-150, March.
  20. Christin Höge-Junge & Stefan Eckert, 2024. "Multinationality and systematic risk: a literature review and meta-analysis," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 74(1), pages 377-414, February.
  21. Bergin, Paul R. & Feng, Ling & Lin, Ching-Yi, 2021. "Trade and firm financing," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
  22. Ta-Cheng Chang & John Darcy & Yu-Ting Hou & Yun-Chia Yan, 2022. "Degree of Internationalization, Financial Structure and Cost of Capital: Evidence from Emerging Taiwan," Accounting and Finance Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 11(4), pages 1-23, November.
  23. Mittoo, Usha R. & Zhang, Zhou, 2008. "The capital structure of multinational corporations: Canadian versus U.S. evidence," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 706-720, December.
  24. Halabi, Hussein & Alshehabi, Ahmad & Wood, Geoffrey & Khan, Zaheer & Afrifa, Godfred, 2021. "The impact of international diversification on credit scores: Evidence from the UK," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6).
  25. Nuno Calheiros-Lobo & José Vasconcelos Ferreira & Manuel Au-Yong-Oliveira, 2023. "SME Internationalization and Export Performance: A Systematic Review with Bibliometric Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-36, May.
  26. Gao, Jingyi, 2022. "Global value chain and firms’ leverage: The mediator role of foreign ownership," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
  27. Jones, Edward & Kwansa, Nana Abena & Li, Hao, 2020. "How does internationalization affect capital raising decisions? Evidence from UK firms," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 57.
  28. Deligonul, Seyda Z., 2020. "Multinational country risk: Exposure to asset holding risk and operating risk in international business," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
  29. Bronzini, Raffaello & D’Ignazio, Alessio & Revelli, Davide, 2022. "Financial structure and bank relationships of Italian multinational firms," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
  30. Park, Soon Hong & Suh, Jungwon & Yeung, Bernard, 2013. "Do multinational and domestic corporations differ in their leverage policies?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 115-139.
  31. Pedrono, Justine, 2022. "The currency channel of the global bank leverage cycle," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  32. Allen N. Berger & Sadok El Ghoul & Omrane Guedhami & Raluca A. Roman, 2017. "Internationalization and Bank Risk," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(7), pages 2283-2301, July.
  33. Aggarwal, Raj & Kyaw, NyoNyo A., 2008. "Internal capital networks as a source of MNC competitive advantage: Evidence from foreign subsidiary capital structure decisions," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 409-439, September.
  34. Brandau, Michael & Endenich, Christoph & Trapp, Rouven & Hoffjan, Andreas, 2013. "Institutional drivers of conformity – Evidence for management accounting from Brazil and Germany," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 466-479.
  35. Marc Essen & J. Oosterhout & Michael Carney, 2012. "Corporate boards and the performance of Asian firms: A meta-analysis," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 29(4), pages 873-905, December.
  36. Oesterle, Michael-Jörg & Elosge, Corinna & Elosge, Lukas, 2016. "Me, myself and I: The role of CEO narcissism in internationalization decisions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 1114-1123.
  37. Mauri, Alfredo J. & Lin, Jing & Neiva De Figueiredo, João, 2013. "The influence of strategic patterns of internationalization on the accuracy and bias of earnings forecasts by financial analysts," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 725-735.
  38. Vanita Tripathi & Sonal Thukral, 2020. "Role of Industry Factors in Financing the Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Indian Multinational Enterprises," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 21(1), pages 124-141, February.
  39. Mishra, Dev & Tannous, George, 2010. "Securities laws in the host countries and the capital structure of US multinationals," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 483-500, June.
  40. Carney, Richard W. & El Ghoul, Sadok & Guedhami, Omrane & Wang, He (Helen), 2024. "Geopolitical risk and the cost of capital in emerging economies," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
  41. Glambosky, Mina & Gleason, Kimberly & Murdock, Maryna, 2015. "Political risk and the factors that affect international bids," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 68-83.
  42. Aggarwal, Raj & Berrill, Jenny & Hutson, Elaine & Kearney, Colm, 2011. "What is a multinational corporation? Classifying the degree of firm-level multinationality," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 557-577, October.
  43. Lo, Fang-Yi, 2015. "Transaction cost determinants and advantage transferability's effect on international ownership strategy," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(11), pages 2312-2316.
  44. Krapl, Alain A., 2015. "Corporate international diversification and risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-13.
  45. Likitwongkajon, Napaporn & Vithessonthi, Chaiporn, 2024. "Foreign investments and firm risk: Evidence from Germany," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
  46. Olga Dodd & Bart Frijns & Aaron Gilbert, 2015. "On the Role of Cultural Distance in the Decision to Cross†List," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 21(4), pages 706-741, September.
  47. Kirca, Ahmet H. & Fernandez, Whitney Douglas & Kundu, Sumit K., 2016. "An empirical analysis and extension of internalization theory in emerging markets: The role of firm-specific assets and asset dispersion in the multinationality-performance relationship," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 628-640.
  48. Justine Pedrono & Aurélien Violon, 2016. "Banks' Capital Structure and US Dollar Diversification of Assets: Does Reduction in Systemic Risk Offset Agency Costs?," AMSE Working Papers 1610, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
  49. Young Sang Kim & Junyoup Lee & Ha-Chin Yi, 2021. "Is Foreign Exchange Risk Priced in Bank Loan Spreads?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 57(3), pages 1061-1092, October.
  50. Cheung, Fanny S.L. & Leung, Wing-Fai, 2007. "International expansion of transnational advertising agencies in China: An assessment of the stages theory approach," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 251-268, April.
  51. Luís Pacheco & Carla Lobo & Isabel Maldonado, 2022. "The Presence of Foreign Capital and the Internationalization of Portuguese Industrial SMEs," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-18, February.
  52. Mauri, Alfredo J. & Neiva de Figueiredo, João, 2012. "Strategic Patterns of Internationalization and Performance Variability: Effects of US-Based MNC Cross-Border Dispersion, Integration, and Outsourcing," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 38-51.
  53. Geleilate, José-Mauricio G. & Magnusson, Peter & Parente, Ronaldo C. & Alvarado-Vargas, Marcelo J., 2016. "Home Country Institutional Effects on the Multinationality–Performance Relationship: A Comparison Between Emerging and Developed Market Multinationals," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 380-402.
  54. Sun, Wenbin & Price, Joseph & Ding, Yuan, 2019. "The longitudinal effects of internationalization on firm performance: The moderating role of marketing capability," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 326-337.
  55. Likitwongkajon, Napaporn & Vithessonthi, Chaiporn, 2022. "Internationalization, foreign exchange exposure and firm risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  56. Justine Pedrono, 2022. "The Currency Channel of the Global Bank Leverage Cycle," Working papers 870, Banque de France.
  57. Karavitis, Panagiotis & Kazakis, Pantelis, 2022. "Political sentiment and syndicated loan borrowing costs of multinational enterprises," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  58. Charee Kwak, 2017. "The Effect of Corporate International Diversification on Firm Risk," Discussion Papers 2017-17, Kobe University, Graduate School of Business Administration.
  59. Ramirez, Andres & Kwok, Chuck C.Y., 2010. "Settling the debate on multinational capital structure using the CEPR measure," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 20(4-5), pages 251-271, December.
  60. Lim, Jongha & Makhija, Anil K. & Shenkar, Oded, 2016. "The asymmetric relationship between national cultural distance and target premiums in cross-border M&A," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 542-571.
  61. Müllner, Jakob, 2016. "From uncertainty to risk—A risk management framework for market entry," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(5), pages 800-814.
  62. G. Tomas M. Hult & Forrest V. Morgeson III & Udit Sharma & Claes Fornell, 2022. "Customer satisfaction and international business: A multidisciplinary review and avenues for research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 53(8), pages 1695-1733, October.
  63. Oesterle, Michael-Jörg & Richta, Hannah Noriko & Fisch, Jan Hendrik, 2013. "The influence of ownership structure on internationalization," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 187-201.
  64. Abimbola Adedeji & Maha D. Ayoush, 2017. "Are Cross Border Acquisitions More Profitable, or Do They Make Profit More Persistent, than Domestic Acquisitions? UK Evidence," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 10(6), pages 178-188, June.
  65. Alfredo J. Mauri, 2009. "Influence of MNC Network Configuration Patterns on the Volatility of Firm Performance," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 49(6), pages 691-707, December.
  66. Deleersnyder, B. & Dekimpe, M.G. & Steenkamp, J-B.E.M. & Leeflang, P.S.H., 2007. "The Role of National Culture in Advertising’s Sensitivity to Business Cycles: An Investigation Across All Continents," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2007-095-MKT, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
  67. Nicole Franziska Richter, 2014. "Information Costs in International Business: Analyzing the Effects of Economies of Scale, Cultural Diversity and Decentralization," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 171-193, April.
  68. Sun, Wenbin & Ding, Zhihua & Xu, Xiaobo & Cui, Kacie, 2020. "Internationalization and firm default risk: The roles of environmental dynamism and marketing capability," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 142-153.
  69. Puhr, Harald & Müllner, Jakob, 2022. "Foreign to all but fluent in many: The effect of multinationality on shock resilience," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(6).
  70. Lindner, Thomas & Muellner, Jakob & Puck, Jonas, 2016. "Cost of Capital in an International Context: Institutional Distance, Quality, and Dynamics," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 234-248.
  71. Valentina Bruno & Hyun Song Shin, 2014. "Globalization of corporate risk taking," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(7), pages 800-820, September.
  72. Aabo, Tom & Pantzalis, Christos & Sørensen, Helle & Toustrup, Malene Teilmann, 2016. "Corporate risk and external sourcing: A study of Scandinavian multinational firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(6), pages 1297-1308.
  73. Hongping Du & Liliana Mitkova & Na Wang, 2020. "The Paths of Internationalization of Chinese Innovative Firms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-27, March.
  74. Monica B. Fine & Kimberly Gleason & Desi Budeva, 2016. "Getting what you’re worth: Implications that affect firm value in a brand acquisition," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(5), pages 70-96, September.
  75. Lindner, Thomas & Klein, Florian & Schmidt, Stefan, 2018. "The effect of internationalization on firm capital structure: A meta-analysis and exploration of institutional contingencies," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(6), pages 1238-1249.
  76. Luo, Xueming & Zheng, Qinqin, 2018. "How firm internationalization is recognized by outsiders: The response of financial analysts," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 87-106.
  77. Tang, Ryan W. & Buckley, Peter J., 2022. "Outward foreign direct investment by emerging market multinationals: The directionality of institutional distance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 314-326.
  78. Bu, Juan & Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro & Luo, Yadong & Wang, Stephanie Lu, 2024. "Mitigating soft and hard infrastructure deficiencies in emerging markets," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 59(4).
  79. Eduardsen, Jonas & Marinova, Svetla, 2020. "Internationalisation and risk: Literature review, integrative framework and research agenda," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
  80. Sinan Esen & Halil Simdi & Oylum Sehvez Erguzel, 2016. "The Effect of International Trading Activities of Firms on Their Financial Structure," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(6), pages 1-9, June.
  81. Pacheco, Luís, 2016. "Capital structure and internationalization: The case of Portuguese industrial SMEs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 531-545.
  82. Röell, Christiaan & Osabutey, Ellis & Rodgers, Peter & Arndt, Felix & Khan, Zaheer & Tarba, Shlomo, 2022. "Managing socio-political risk at the subnational level: Lessons from MNE subsidiaries in Indonesia," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(3).
  83. Cappa, Francesco & Cetrini, Giorgio & Oriani, Raffaele, 2020. "The impact of corporate strategy on capital structure: evidence from Italian listed firms," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 379-385.
  84. Batten, Jonathan A. & Khaw, Karren Lee-Hwei & Young, Martin R., 2021. "Convertible debt and asset substitution of multinational corporations," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  85. Chiung-Jung Chen & Chwo-Ming Joseph Yu, 2011. "FDI, Export, and Capital Structure," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 295-320, June.
  86. Saeed, Asif & Noor, Mah & Soobaroyen, Teerooven & Gull, Ammar Ali, 2024. "Investigating the varying relevance of CSR dimensions on firm leverage: The implications for internationalized firms," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  87. Carlos González, 2019. "Revealing a Social Dimension of Internationalization: Transnational Board Interlocks as a Social-Based Proxy for the Degree of Internationalization of the Firm," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 253-276, April.
  88. Figueira-de-Lemos, Francisco & Johanson, Jan & Vahlne, Jan-Erik, 2011. "Risk management in the internationalization process of the firm: A note on the Uppsala model," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 143-153, April.
  89. Lewis, Yimai & Bozos, Konstantinos, 2019. "Mitigating post-acquisition risk: the interplay of cross-border uncertainties," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(5), pages 1-1.
  90. Zhu, Ying & Sardana, Deepak, 2020. "Multinational enterprises’ risk mitigation strategies in emerging markets: A political coalition perspective," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
  91. Hill, Paula & Korczak, Adriana & Korczak, Piotr, 2019. "Political uncertainty exposure of individual companies: The case of the Brexit referendum," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 58-76.
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