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Choosing Between Direct Investment and Licensing: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Tests

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  1. Tan, Benjamin & Erramilli, Krishna & Liang, Tan Wee, 2001. "The influence of dissemination risks, strategic control and global management skills on firms' modal decision in host countries," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 323-340, June.
  2. Dirk Dohse & Rajeev K. Goel & Michael A. Nelson, 2019. "What induces firms to license foreign technologies? International survey evidence," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(7), pages 799-814, October.
  3. Pol Antràs, 2005. "Incomplete Contracts and the Product Cycle," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 95(4), pages 1054-1073, September.
  4. Colucci, Mariachiara & Montaguti, Elisa & Lago, Umberto, 2008. "Managing brand extension via licensing: An investigation into the high-end fashion industry," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 129-137.
  5. Abubakr Saeed & Hammad Riaz, 2021. "Navigating through firm–environmental groups' relationships: The impact of societal trust on corporate environmental strategy," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(8), pages 3552-3568, December.
  6. Gregory Clare, 1992. "The impact of exchange rate risk on the foreign direct investment of U.S. multinational manufacturing companies," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 3(2), pages 143-163, June.
  7. Chun, Bong Geul, 2012. "Host country's strategic policies and multinational firm's choice of entry mode," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 435-443.
  8. B. L. Pandit & N. S. Siddharthan, 2003. "MNEs and market valuation of firms: a cross-sectional study of Indian electrical and electronic goods manufacturing firms," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(6), pages 675-681.
  9. Arora, Ashish, 1999. "Exploring the internalization rationale for international investment: wholly owned subsidiary versus technology licensing in the worldwide chemical industry," DEE - Working Papers. Business Economics. WB 6430, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa.
  10. Eric Brousseau & Regis Coeurderoy, 2005. "Combining Institutional and Contractual Mechanisms to Control Transactional Hazards Related to Transfers of Technology: an Empirical Analysis of Supervision Provisions in Technology Licensing Agreemen," International Journal of the Economics of Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(3), pages 403-424.
  11. Mauricio Zelaya & Ayse Yüce, 2014. "Foreign Direct Investment Decisions into China and India," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 4(3), pages 300-316, March.
  12. Deepak K. Datta & Xin Liang & Martina Musteen, 2009. "Strategic Orientation and the Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 49(3), pages 269-290, June.
  13. Olena Ivus & Walter G Park & Kamal Saggi, 2023. "Patent protection and the composition of multinational activity: Evidence from US multinational firms," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Kamal Saggi (ed.), Technology Transfer, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Global Economy, chapter 14, pages 317-345, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
  14. Jell-Ojobor, Maria & Hajdini, Ilir & Windsperger, Josef, 2022. "Governance of international franchise networks: Combining value creation and value appropriation perspectives," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 267-279.
  15. Fladmoe-Lindquist, Karin, 1996. "International franchising: Capabilities and development," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 11(5), pages 419-438, September.
  16. Hollender, Lina & Zapkau, Florian B. & Schwens, Christian, 2017. "SME foreign market entry mode choice and foreign venture performance: The moderating effect of international experience and product adaptation," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 250-263.
  17. Pezderka, Noemi & Sinkovics, Rudolf R., 2011. "A conceptualization of e-risk perceptions and implications for small firm active online internationalization," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 409-422, August.
  18. Meschnig, Annika & Dubiel, Anna, 2023. "From formation to performance outcomes: A review and agenda for licensing research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  19. Aleksandra Gregorič & Larissa Rabbiosi & Grazia D. Santangelo, 2021. "Diaspora ownership and international technology licensing by emerging market firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(4), pages 671-691, June.
  20. Keith D. Brouthers & Lance Eliot Brouthers & Steve Werner, 2008. "Real Options, International Entry Mode Choice and Performance," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(5), pages 936-960, July.
  21. David de Matías Batalla, 2014. "International Joint Venture characteristics in Spanish Companies: Uppsala model implications," Journal of Socioeconomic Engineering, Instituto Universitario de Análisis Económico y Social, issue 1, pages 21-32, June.
  22. Marshall S. Jiang & Preet S. Aulakh & Yigang Pan, 2007. "The nature and determinants of exclusivity rights in international technology licensing," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 47(6), pages 869-893, December.
  23. Brouthers, Keith D. & Brouthers, Lance Eliot & Werner, Steve, 1996. "Dunning's eclectic theory and the smaller firm: The impact of ownership and locational advantages on the choice of entry-modes in the computer software industry," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 377-394, August.
  24. Preet S Aulakh & Marshall S Jiang & Yigang Pan, 2010. "International technology licensing: Monopoly rents, transaction costs and exclusive rights," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(4), pages 587-605, May.
  25. Czinkota, Michael R. & Grossman, David A. & Javalgi, Rajshekhar (Raj) G. & Nugent, Nicholas, 2009. "Foreign market entry mode of service firms: The case of U.S. MBA programs," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 274-286, July.
  26. Blomstrom, Magnus & Kokko, Ari, 1997. "How foreign investment affects host countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1745, The World Bank.
  27. Madhok, Anoop, 1998. "The nature of multinational firm boundaries: Transaction costs, firm capabilities and foreign market entry mode," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 259-290, June.
  28. Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph & Adomako, Samuel & Danquah, Joseph Kwadwo & Opoku, Robert A. & Zahoor, Nadia, 2022. "Foreign market knowledge, entry mode choice and SME international performance in an emerging market," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(4).
  29. Keith D. Brouthers & George Nakos, 2004. "SME Entry Mode Choice and Performance: A Transaction Cost Perspective," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 28(3), pages 229-247, May.
  30. Aleksandra Gregorič & Larissa Rabbiosi & Grazia D. Santangelo, 0. "Diaspora ownership and international technology licensing by emerging market firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 0, pages 1-21.
  31. George Nakos & Keith D. Brouthers, 2002. "Entry Mode Choice of SMEs in Central and Eastern Europe," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 27(1), pages 47-63, January.
  32. Yadong Luo, 2002. "Capability Exploitation and Building in a Foreign Market: Implications for Multinational Enterprises," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 13(1), pages 48-63, February.
  33. Kumar, V. & Subramanian, Velavan, 1997. "A contingency framework for the mode of entry decision," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 53-72, April.
  34. Adomako, Samuel & Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph & Donbesuur, Francis & Ahsan, Mujtaba & Danso, Albert & Uddin, Moshfique, 2022. "Strategic agility of SMEs in emerging economies: Antecedents, consequences and boundary conditions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(6).
  35. Hennart, Jean-François, 2010. "Transaction Cost Theory and International Business," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 86(3), pages 257-269.
  36. Bell, J.H.J., 1996. "Joint or Single Venturing? : An Electric Approach to Foreign Entry Mode Choice," Other publications TiSEM 06f84735-3cf5-432f-8bc8-c, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  37. Siddharthan, N. S., 1998. "Differential behaviour of the Japanese affiliates in the Indian automobile sector," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 10(1), pages 97-109, January.
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