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Why Does the Self-Employment Rate Vary Across Countries and Over Time?

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  1. Ilmakunnas Pekka & Kanniainen Vesa, 2001. "Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data 1978±93," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, vol. 2(3), pages 195-218, August.
  2. Martin T. Robson & Colin Wren, 1999. "Marginal and Average Tax Rates and the Incentive for Self‐Employment," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 65(4), pages 757-773, April.
  3. Piotr Denderski & Florian Sniekers, "undated". "Broadband Internet and the Self-Employment Rate: A Cross-Country Study on the Gig Economy," Discussion Papers in Economics 19/13, Division of Economics, School of Business, University of Leicester.
  4. Erik Monsen & Prashanth Mahagaonkar & Christian Dienes, 2012. "Entrepreneurship in India: the question of occupational transition," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 39(2), pages 359-382, September.
  5. Saul Estrin & Tomasz Mickiewicz, 2011. "Institutions and female entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 37(4), pages 397-415, November.
  6. Jean Bonnet & Sébastien Bourdin & Fatten Gazzah, 2017. "The entrepreuneurial context, a factor of Economic Growth in the Europe Union? A GWR analysis on the EU Regions," Working Papers halshs-01619798, HAL.
  7. Catherine Laffineur & Saulo Dubard Barbosa & Alain Fayolle & Emeran Nziali, 2017. "Active labor market programs’ effects on entrepreneurship and unemployment," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(4), pages 889-918, December.
  8. Jun Wang, 2020. "Will Entrepreneurship Promote Productivity Growth in China?," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 28(3), pages 73-89, May.
  9. Zoltan J. Acs & José Ernesto Amorós, 2008. "Introduction: The startup process," Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, vol. 35(2 Year 20), pages 121-132, December.
  10. C. Massidda & R. Piras, 2024. "Funding sources, colonial legacy, and new firms’ creation in Africa," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(5), pages 1-68, October.
  11. Herrera-Echeverri, Hernán & Haar, Jerry & Estévez-Bretón, Juan Benavides, 2014. "Foreign direct investment, institutional quality, economic freedom and entrepreneurship in emerging markets," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(9), pages 1921-1932.
  12. Wennekers, Sander & van Stel, André & Carree, Martin & Thurik, Roy, 2010. "The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped?," Foundations and Trends(R) in Entrepreneurship, now publishers, vol. 6(3), pages 167-237, July.
  13. Marshall, Maria I. & Samal, Ananya, 2006. "The Effect Of Human And Financial Capital On The Entrepreneurial Process: An Urban-Rural Comparison Of Entrepreneurs In Indiana," Staff Papers 28651, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
  14. Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada & Mili Shrivastava & Tapas Kumar Mishra, 2022. "Education, social identity and self-employment over time: evidence from a developing country," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(4), pages 1449-1468, December.
  15. Vladimír Benáček & Eva Michalíková, 2016. "The Factors of Growth of Small Family Businesses - A Robust Estimation of the Behavioural Consistency in Panel Data Models," Prague Economic Papers, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2016(1), pages 85-98.
  16. Scharle, Ágota, 2000. "Önfoglalkoztatás, munkanélküliség és családi kisvállalkozások Magyarországon [Self-employment, unemployment and small family firms in Hungary]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(3), pages 250-274.
  17. Alessandra Faggian & Mark Partridge & Edward J. Malecki, 2017. "Creating an Environment for Economic Growth: Creativity, Entrepreneurship or Human Capital?," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(6), pages 997-1009, November.
  18. Howard J. Wall & Yannis Georgellis, 2000. "What makes a region entrepreneurial? Evidence from Britain," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 34(3), pages 385-403.
  19. Magdalena Smyk & Siri Terjesen & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2023. "Gender wage inequality and women's self-employment," GRAPE Working Papers 88, GRAPE Group for Research in Applied Economics.
  20. João J. Ferreira & Alain Fayolle & Cristina Fernandes & Mário Raposo, 2017. "Effects of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship on economic growth: panel data evidence," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(1-2), pages 27-50, January.
  21. Thai, Mai Thi Thanh & Turkina, Ekaterina, 2014. "Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 490-510.
  22. Mathilde Aubry & Jean Bonnet & Patricia Renou-Maissant, 2015. "Entrepreneurship and the business cycle: the “Schumpeter” effect versus the “refugee” effect—a French appraisal based on regional data," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 54(1), pages 23-55, January.
  23. Giuliano Guerra & Roberto Patuelli, 2016. "The Role of Job Satisfaction in Transitions into Self–Employment," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 40(3), pages 543-571, May.
  24. Fonseca, Raquel & Lord, Simon, 2016. "Les déterminants du travail autonome au Québec et au Canada (1993-2010)," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 92(3), pages 489-513, Septembre.
  25. Estrin, Saul & Mickiewicz, Tomasz & Aidis, Ruta, 2009. "Entrepreneurial Entry: Which Institutions Matter?," CEPR Discussion Papers 7278, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  26. Sri Krishna Sudheer Patoju & Sasmita Swain, 2023. "Entrepreneurial Value Creation by Rural Enterprises: A Process Model," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 32(3), pages 590-617, November.
  27. Marcus Box & Karl Gratzer & Xiang Lin, 2023. "Self-employment, corruption, and property rights: a comparative analysis of European and CEE economies," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 3(1), pages 1-29, January.
  28. Martínez-Granado, Maite, 1998. "Self-employment and labour market transitions: a multiple state model," UC3M Working papers. Economics 4159, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía.
  29. Lin, Zhengxi & Picot, Garnett & Yates, Janice, 1999. "The Entry and Exit Dynamics of Self-employment in Canada," Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series 1999134e, Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch.
  30. Pekka Ilmakunnas & Vesa Kanniainen & Uki Lammi, "undated". "Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk-Insurance in the Welfare State," EPRU Working Paper Series 99-03, Economic Policy Research Unit (EPRU), University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics.
  31. Zsófia L. Bárány, 2017. "Taxation and self-employment," LIS Working papers 723, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
  32. Soogwan Doh & Edmund J. Zolnik, 2012. "Social capital and entrepreneurship: an empirical analysis of the role of social capital in self-employment," Chapters, in: Charlie Karlsson & Börje Johansson & Roger R. Stough (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Social Capital and Governance, chapter 7, pages 160-191, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  33. Folorunsho M. Ajide & Tolulope T. Osinubi, 2022. "Foreign aid and entrepreneurship in Africa: the role of remittances and institutional quality," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 193-224, February.
  34. Andrew Burke & Imran Zawwar & Stephanie Hussels, 2020. "Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 415-427, August.
  35. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/2hpm2pgsb78r2a2lh6ahev49mj is not listed on IDEAS
  36. Islam, Asif, 2015. "Entrepreneurship and the Allocation of Government Spending Under Imperfect Markets," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 108-121.
  37. Rafik Abdesselam & Jean Bonnet & Patricia Renou-Maissant, 2013. "Typology of the French regional development: revealing the refugee/Schumpeter effects in new-firms startups," Economics Working Paper Archive (University of Rennes & University of Caen) 201333, Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes, University of Caen and CNRS.
  38. Hugo Erken & Piet Donselaar & Roy Thurik, 2018. "Total factor productivity and the role of entrepreneurship," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 43(6), pages 1493-1521, December.
  39. Marie-Estelle Binet & François Facchini, 2013. "Determinants of Entrepreneurship in French Regions: The Role of Spatial Heterogeneity," Economics Working Paper Archive (University of Rennes & University of Caen) 201312, Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes, University of Caen and CNRS.
  40. Denderski, Piotr & Sniekers, Florian, 2021. "Declining Search Frictions and Type-of-Employment Choice," Discussion Paper 2021-010, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
  41. Niranjan Chipalkatti & Jonathan P. Doh & Meenakshi Rishi, 2011. "Institutional quality, knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship," International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 4(4), pages 307-329.
  42. Simon C. Parker & Martin T. Robson, 2004. "Explaining International Variations in Self‐Employment: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(2), pages 287-301, October.
  43. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/2hpm2pgsb78r2a2lh6ahev49mj is not listed on IDEAS
  44. Ruta Aidis & Saul Estrin & Tomasz Mickiewicz, 2012. "Size matters: entrepreneurial entry and government," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 39(1), pages 119-139, July.
  45. Cueto Iglesias, Begoña, 2008. "The sustainability of start-up firms among formerly wage workers," DEE - Working Papers. Business Economics. WB wb083108, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa.
  46. Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada, 2015. "The Spatial Distribution of Self-Employment in India: Evidence from Semiparametric Geoadditive Models," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(2), pages 300-322, February.
  47. Rodrigues Brás Gonçalo & Soukiazis Elias, 2019. "The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, October.
  48. Farzana Chowdhury & David Audretsch, 2014. "Institution as looting apparatus: impact of gender equality and institutions on female entrepreneurship," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 4(2), pages 207-225, December.
  49. repec:ags:inpuer:188875 is not listed on IDEAS
  50. Sander Wennekers & André Stel & Roy Thurik & Paul Reynolds, 2008. "Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 30(3), pages 325-325, March.
  51. Daniyar T. Baitenizov & Igor N. Dubina & David F. J. Campbell & Elias G. Carayannis & Tolkyn A. Azatbek, 2019. "Freelance as a Creative Mode of Self-employment in a New Economy (a Literature Review)," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 10(1), pages 1-17, March.
  52. Ana I. Moreno-Monroy & Shu Yu & Victoria Euse, 2016. "Urban Employment in Small Businesses and the Level of Economic Development: Evidence from Chinese Cities," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1), pages 53-71, March.
  53. Rocío Aliaga-Isla (PhD) & Alex Rialp (PhD), 2013. "Systematic review of immigrant entrepreneurship literature: previous findings and ways forward," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(9-10), pages 819-844, December.
  54. Simon C. Parker, 2005. "Explaining Regional Variations in Entrepreneurship as Multiple Occupational Equilibria," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(4), pages 829-850, November.
  55. Katharina Pijnenburg, 2013. "Self-Employment and Economic Performance: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach for European Regions," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1272, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  56. Hien Thu Tran & Enrico Santarelli, 2017. "Spatial heterogeneity, industry heterogeneity, and entrepreneurship," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 59(1), pages 69-100, July.
  57. Zoltan J. Acs, 2011. "The Global Entrepreneurship And Development Index: A Us Perspective," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 2(01), pages 43-66.
  58. Edvard Johansson, 2000. "Self-employment and the predicted earnings differential - evidence from Finland," Finnish Economic Papers, Finnish Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 45-55, Spring.
  59. Zoltan Acs & Sameeksha Desai & Jolanda Hessels, 2008. "Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 31(3), pages 219-234, October.
  60. Philipp Koellinger & Christian Roessler, 2009. "Is More Entrepreneurship better?," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 09-105/3, Tinbergen Institute, revised 03 Dec 2009.
  61. Rodrigues Brás Gonçalo & Soukiazis Elias, 2019. "The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, October.
  62. Mathilde Aubry & Jean Bonnet & Patricia Renou-Maissant, 2014. "Cycle économique et comportement entrepreneurial sur données régionales françaises," Revue d'économie régionale et urbaine, Armand Colin, vol. 0(4), pages 643-675.
  63. Ilias Livanos, 2009. "What determines self-employment? A comparative study," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(3), pages 227-232.
  64. Torrini, Roberto, 2005. "Cross-country differences in self-employment rates: the role of institutions," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(5), pages 661-683, October.
  65. Supriyo Das & Amit Kundu, 2019. "Benchmarking a country for efficiency improvement: a DEA-based approach," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, December.
  66. Begoña Cueto & Matías Mayor & Patricia Suárez, 2021. "Spatial dependence in self-employment in Spain," Revista de Economía Laboral - Spanish Journal of Labour Economics, Asociación Española de Economía Laboral - AEET, vol. 18, pages 30-51.
  67. Estrin, Saul & Mickiewicz, Tomasz, 2009. "Do Institutions Have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs?," IZA Discussion Papers 4577, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  68. Baltar, Fabiola & Brunet Icart, Ignasi, 2011. "Las motivaciones empresariales de los inmigrantes argentinos en España," Nülan. Deposited Documents 1430, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Centro de Documentación.
  69. Pankaj C. Patel & Marcus T. Wolfe, 2022. "Of free markets and a secular mind: the value of economic decentralization and individual secular values in entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 93-119, January.
  70. Mihai Nica, 2021. "Economic development and business creation," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 219-239, February.
  71. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/2hpm2pgsb78r2a2lh6ahev49mj is not listed on IDEAS
  72. Stützer, Michael, 2023. "Entrepreneurship culture: Aggregate trait or collective programming of the mind?," Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers 176, Ilmenau University of Technology, Institute of Economics.
  73. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2hpm2pgsb78r2a2lh6ahev49mj is not listed on IDEAS
  74. Martin Robson, 1998. "Self-employment in the UK regions," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(3), pages 313-322.
  75. Ho, Sin Yu & Beri, Parfait Bihkongnyuy, 2024. "The impact of SME sector on economic growth in Africa," MPRA Paper 122552, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  76. Raquel Fonseca & Simon Lord, 2015. "Les déterminants du travail autonome au Québec et au Canada (1993-201," Cahiers de recherche 1517, Chaire de recherche Industrielle Alliance sur les enjeux économiques des changements démographiques.
  77. Mária Lackó, 2006. "Tax Rates with Corruption: Labour-market Effects. Empirical Cross-country Comparisons on OECD Countries," CERS-IE WORKING PAPERS 0604, Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, revised 15 May 2006.
  78. Saul Estrin & Tomasz Mickiewicz, 2012. "Shadow Economy and Entrepreneurial Entry," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(4), pages 559-578, November.
  79. Mathilde Aubry & Jean Bonnet & Patricia Renou-Maissant, 2013. "Business cycle and entrepreneurial behavior using French regional data," Economics Working Paper Archive (University of Rennes & University of Caen) 201304, Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes, University of Caen and CNRS.
  80. Tessa Conroy & Steven Deller & Philip Watson, 2021. "Regional income inequality: a link to women-owned businesses," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 189-207, January.
  81. Doaa M. Salman, 2015. "Determinants of Entrepreneurs' Activities: New Evidence from Cross-Country Data," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Khee Giap Tan & Kong Yam Tan (ed.), Foreign Direct Investment and Small and Medium Enterprises Productivity and Access to Finance, chapter 8, pages 145-160, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
  82. Tamvada, Jagannadha Pawan, 2010. "The Dynamics of Self-employment in a Developing Country: Evidence from India," MPRA Paper 20042, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  83. Evgueni Vinogradov & Lars Kolvereid, 2007. "Cultural background, human capital and self-employment rates among immigrants in Norway," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(4), pages 359-376, July.
  84. László Szerb & Raquel Ortega-Argilés & Zoltán à cs & Alicia Coduras, 2012. "The examination of the regional level entrepreneurship: The Spanish case," ERSA conference papers ersa12p781, European Regional Science Association.
  85. Lin, Zhengxi & Picot, Garnett & Yates, Janice, 1999. "Rising Self-employment in the Midst of High Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis of Recent Developments in Canada," Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series 1999133e, Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch.
  86. Carlo Pietrobelli & Roberta Rabellotti & Matteo Aquilina, 2004. "An empirical study of the determinants of self-employment in developing countries," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(6), pages 803-820.
  87. Pokrovsky, D. & Shapoval, A., 2015. "Distribution of Entrepreneurial Skills and Migration: Employment Structure, Income Inequality, and Welfare," Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, vol. 26(2), pages 36-62.
  88. Sarkar, Soumodip & Rufín, Carlos & Haughton, Jonathan, 2018. "Inequality and entrepreneurial thresholds," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 278-295.
  89. Alvina Sabah Idrees & Saima Sarwar, 2021. "State effectiveness, property rights and entrepreneurial behaviour as determinants of National Innovation," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(3), pages 392-423, September.
  90. Driouchi, Ahmed & Gamar, Alae, 2015. "Entrepreneurship and its Link to Corruption: Assessment with the Most Recent World and Country-Group Data," MPRA Paper 62271, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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