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Die allgemeinen Zollpräferenzen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Entwicklungsländer: Fehlschlag oder Erfolg? Eine kritische Bewertung der ersten Dekade

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  • Langhammer, Rolf J.

Abstract

Einseitige Zollpräferenzen der EG für Entwicklungsländer haben bislang die Industriegüterexporte aus Entwicklungsländern nicht so stimuliert, wie es von diesen erhofft wurde. Ärmere Länder konnten von den Präferenzen nicht profitieren, weil ihre Exportengpässe auf der Angebotsseite liegen. Angebotsstarke Länder hingegen durften von den Präferenzen nicht zu stark profitieren, weil die EG sowohl die Schutzinteressen heimischer Anbieter als auch ärmerer Länder und Nichtbegünstigter glaubte berücksichtigen zu müssen. Das Bestreben, jedem gerecht zu werden, führte zu vielfältigen produkt- und länderspezifischen Höchstgrenzen für zollfreie oder –ermäßigte Einfuhren, restriktiven Ursprungsregeln, die die internationale Arbeitsteilung behindern, und ad-hoc-Entscheidungen über den Präferenzstatus eines Gutes. Das Präferenzschema ist somit sehr kompliziert und belastet sowohl Importeure als auch Exporteure und Investoren mit hohen Informations- und Unsicherheitskosten. Klare Unterschiede in der Bedeutung von Präferenzeinfuhren auf einzelnen EG-Mitgliedsmärkten deuten einerseits auf eine protektionistische Haltung hin (Frankreich), andererseits auf eine relativ liberale Praxis (Dänemark). Zollpräferenzen sind nicht zuletzt wegen des bereits niedrigen Zollniveaus der EG zum 'Nebenkriegsschauplatz' im Kampf um Marktzugang geworden. Die Industrieländer zeigen sich daher hier nachgiebiger als auf dem Feld nichttarifärer Hemmnisse.

Suggested Citation

  • Langhammer, Rolf J., 1983. "Die allgemeinen Zollpräferenzen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Entwicklungsländer: Fehlschlag oder Erfolg? Eine kritische Bewertung der ersten Dekade," Kiel Discussion Papers 95, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkdp:95
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Baldwin, R E & Murray, Tracy, 1977. "MFN Tariff Reductions and Developing Country Trade Benefits under the GSP," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 87(345), pages 30-46, March.
    2. André Sapir, 1981. "Trade benefits under the EEC generalized system of preferences," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/8290, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    3. Finger, J M & Kreinin, M E, 1979. "A Measure of 'Export Similarity' and Its Possible Uses," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 89(356), pages 905-912, December.
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    1. Roland Siebeke, 1989. "Is the GSP antiquated?," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics;Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), vol. 24(6), pages 298-302, November.

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