Livelihood Impacts of Refugees on Host Communities : Evidence from Ethiopia

Most refugee hosting communities are characterized by high levels of poverty with precariouslivelihood conditions, low access to public services, and underdeveloped infrastructure. While the unexpected inflowof refugees might bring both constraints and opportunities for improving and maintaining local livelihoods in thesecommunities, the understanding of these effects remains limited. Using a household level micro data set from a 2018baseline survey of the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project, this paper assesses the impactof refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host communities with respect to diversification and agriculturalcommercialization. The endogeneity of refugee inflow is addressed by exploiting differences in factors thatinfluence refugee arrival in the host communities. Specifically, the analysis uses potential refugee inflow asan instrument, which is the product of population density and intensity of conflicts (number of fatalities per event)in the closest region of the origin country to the refugee camp weighted by the distance of the refugee camp to theclosest region. The paper also constructs an aggregate index to proxy households’ livelihood diversification strategies.The findings show that refugee inflow brings substantial benefits to host communities by creating significant jobs,in which people engage as secondary occupations, and triggers an increasing demand for livestock products.Specifically, while no effect was found on diversification of activities such as a primary occupation and crop productsales, a 1 percent increase in refugee inflow leads to a 2.7 percent rise in diversification of livelihood activities asa secondary occupation and a 15.9 percent increase in the value of livestock product sales. These effects tend to beheterogeneous across refugee hosting regions and the gender of the household head: negative effects were mainly observedin Gambella region, which hosts the largest refugee population in the country, and male-headed households weremore likely to benefit from the refugee presence for the whole sample. The paper identifies households'increased engagement in different livelihood activities and access to markets as a potential mechanism for the observedeffects. The findings add to the growing literature on the socioeconomic impacts of refugee inflow on host communitiesby showing an overall positive effect on the livelihoods and welfare of receiving communities.