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Female Entrepreneurs: How and Why are they different?

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  • Carranza, Eliana
  • Dhakal, Chandra
  • Love, Inessa

Abstract

This paper reviews and critically evaluates existing evidence on female entrepreneurial activity. First, we identify how female-run businesses are different, by examining both economic and non-economic outcomes which are frequently overlooked. Second, we offer a comprehensive discussion of drivers to explain why these differences. We group these drivers in four categories: (i) preferences, (ii) endowments, (iv) external constraints, and (iv) internal constraints. Third, we review evidence on the types of policies that have been effective or have potential to address the different drivers. Finally, we offer a discussion of the gaps in the literature and identify areas for future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Carranza, Eliana & Dhakal, Chandra & Love, Inessa, 2018. "Female Entrepreneurs: How and Why are they different?," Jobs Group Papers, Notes, and Guides 30633575, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:30633575
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    Cited by:

    1. Raghu Raman & Nava Subramaniam & Vinith Kumar Nair & Avinash Shivdas & Krishnashree Achuthan & Prema Nedungadi, 2022. "Women Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development: Bibliometric Analysis and Emerging Research Trends," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-31, July.
    2. Inessa Love, 2020. "Entrepreneurial Access to Finance in the US," Working Papers 202004, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics.
    3. Djomo Choumbou Raoul Fani & Ukpe Udeme Henrietta & Emmanuel Njock Oben & Donald Denen Dzever & Onyeje Hephzibah Obekpa & Auguste Tamba Nde & Mohamadou Sani & Mbong Grace Annih & Dontsop Nguezet Paul M, 2021. "Assessing the Performance and Participation among Young Male and Female Entrepreneurs in Agribusiness: A Case Study of the Rice and Maize Subsectors in Cameroon," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-19, March.
    4. Ahmed Idi Kato, 2023. "Unlocking the Potential of Microfinance Solutions on Urban Woman Entrepreneurship Development in East Africa: A Bibliometric Analysis Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-22, October.
    5. Endalew Terefe Alene, 2020. "Determinants that influence the performance of women entrepreneurs in micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, December.
    6. Ira N. Gang & Rajesh Raj Natarajan & Kunal Sen & Myeong-Su Yun, 2021. "The gender productivity gap: Evidence from the Indian informal sector," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2021-183, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    7. Shivendu Pratap Singh & Trina A. Sego & Shikhar Sarin, 2022. "Overcoming bias against funding of female-led entrepreneurial initiatives: the democratizing influence of online crowdlending platforms," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 16(4), pages 907-933, December.
    8. Görg, Holger & Jäkel, Ina C., 2024. "Beyond Borders: Do Gender Norms and Institutions Affect Female Businesses?," IZA Discussion Papers 17123, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    9. Malebo Mulaudzi & Chris Schachtebeck, 2022. "Challenges faced by female entrepreneurs: The case of the South African learner transport industry," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 11(5), pages 523-531, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    access to business network; difference in outcomes; woman entrepreneur; female entrepreneur; woman business owner; labor market discrimination; female entrepreneurial activity; labor market condition; high risk aversion; care for child; terms of sale; access to finance; nutrition and education; welfare of children; cost of credit; lack of responsibility; freedom of movement; property ownership law; work family balance; national unemployment rate; reallocation of resource; child care options; control of land; lack of opportunity; work at home; small business administration; privileges and immunity; future research; External Finance; Gender Gap; work-life balance; Work Life Balance; wage work; informal business; wage employment; higher growth; micro enterprise; human capital; conceptual framework; survival rate; profit maximization; household outcomes; push factor; wage earner; pull factor; failure rate; Female Entrepreneurship; employment growth; business failure; business survival; risk averse; firm exit; business performance; average score; utility maximization; productivity gap; cultural norm; female business; personal fulfillment; business training; business decision; life circumstances; social capital; competitive environment; wealth creation; sales growth; risk preference; sole responsibility; sex difference; risk taking; policy outcome; gender difference; women's empowerment; parental investment; female control; original work; family situation; family status; industrial sector; reproductive year; traditional norm; older woman; cost efficiency; product quality; business environment; policy priority; copyright owner; female head; risk tolerance; driving force; rent seeking; wage labor; educated woman; business venture; enterprise performance; legal reform; empirical evidence; family life; labor productivity; ample evidence; profitable sector; woman owner; hospitality sector; child rearing; input market; professional service; college graduate; documentation requirement; credit constraint; retail trade; leather good; industrial worker; african men; employment situation; sectoral composition; natural experiment; informal sector; factor inputs; financial risk; bank risk; acceptable risk; risky activity; life satisfaction; primary focus; small sample; subjective perceptions; household dynamic; cash grant; holistic approach; individual study; performance gap; household income; commercial purpose; personal service; married woman; men entrepreneur; Gender Inequality; gender inequalities; dependent children; job prospects; risky business; married man; interpersonal relationship; personal freedom; rural woman; power relation; marginalized group; ongoing support; entrepreneurial venture; market access; role models; business partner; legal system; primary concern; business growth; research show; large business; social responsibility; tax implications; personal development; interaction effect; take time; study including; marital status; comparative advantage; entrepreneurial decision; optimal investment; consumption smoothing; financial constraint; market failure; traditional sector; demand-side factor; household consumption; household level; business ownership; paper issue; decomposition analysis; binding constraint; young woman; policy option; cultural context; financial resource; mentoring opportunity; insurance market; financial market; high share; gender discrimination; supply side; domestic chore; business profit; high reward;
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