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An Unfair Start: Inequality in Children's Education in Rich Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Yekaterina Chzhen
  • Anna Gromada
  • Gwyther Rees
  • Jose Cuesta
  • Zlata Bruckauf
  • UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti

Abstract

In the world’s richest countries, some children do worse at school than others because of circumstances beyond their control, such as where they were born, the language they speak or their parents’ occupations. These children enter the education system at a disadvantage and can drop further behind if educational policies and practices reinforce, rather than reduce, the gap between them and their peers. These types of inequality are unjust. Not all children have an equal opportunity to reach their full potential, to pursue their interests and to develop their talents and skills. This has social and economic costs. This report focuses on educational inequalities in 41 of the world’s richest countries, all of which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and/or the European Union (EU). Using the most recent data available, it examines inequalities across childhood – from access to preschool to expectations of post-secondary education – and explores in depth the relationships between educational inequality and factors such as parents’ occupations, migration background, the child’s gender and school characteristics. The key feature of the report is the league table, which summarizes the extent of educational inequalities at preschool, primary school and secondary school levels. The indicator of inequality at the preschool level is the percentage of students enrolled in organized learning one year before the official age of primary school entry. The indicator for both primary school (Grade 4, around age 10) and secondary school (age 15) is the gap in reading scores between the lowest- and highest-performing students.

Suggested Citation

  • Yekaterina Chzhen & Anna Gromada & Gwyther Rees & Jose Cuesta & Zlata Bruckauf & UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, 2018. "An Unfair Start: Inequality in Children's Education in Rich Countries," Papers inreca995, Innocenti Report Card.
  • Handle: RePEc:ucf:inreca:inreca995
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. H. Eren Suna & Mahmut Ozer, 2024. "Medium- and long-term outcomes of early childhood education: experiences from Turkish large-scale assessments," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Hill, Susan M. & Byrne, Matthew F. & Wenden, Elizabeth & Devine, Amanda & Miller, Margaret & Quinlan, Henrietta & Cross, Donna & Eastham, Judy & Chester, Miranda, 2023. "Models of school breakfast program implementation in Western Australia and the implications for supporting disadvantaged students," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    3. Tarshish, Noam, 2019. "How friendly are OECD countries towards children? Conceptualization and measuring issues," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 156-165.
    4. Steve Agnew & Tom Coupé & Cassia-Rose Hingston, 2022. "Predictors of School Exclusion as a Disciplinary Measure in New Zealand: A Maori, Pacific Peoples and Pakeha Comparison," Working Papers in Economics 22/14, University of Canterbury, Department of Economics and Finance.
    5. Kate E Mooney & Stephanie L Prady & Mary M Barker & Kate E Pickett & Amanda H Waterman, 2021. "The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and children’s working memory abilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, December.
    6. Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Nilsen, Trude & Øverby, Nina Cecilie, 2022. "Aspects of nutritional deficits and cognitive outcomes – Triangulation across time and subject domains among students and teachers in TIMSS," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).

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