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La haute technologie est-elle l'exclusivite des entreprises ou peut-elle s'appliquer a l'ensemble d'un secteur d'activite? Donnees recueillies aupres des nouvelles entreprises axees sur la technologie

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  • Gellatly, Guy
  • Baldwin, John R.

Abstract

Les changements structurels qui se traduisent par une demande accrue de travailleurs specialises suscitent un interet considerable et on s'efforce de bien les comprendre. Ces changements sont percus comme etant le resultat de developpements associes a l'emergence ce qui est aujourd'hui mieux connu sous le nom d'economie du savoir, dont le potentiel est souvent lie a la croissance des nouvelles entreprises axees sur la technologie. Mais ou se retrouvent ces entreprises? Des etudes connexes sur l'evolution technologique et l'innovation ont mene a l'elaboration de systemes visant a classer les secteurs d'activite selon qu'ils relevent de la haute technologie ou du savoir, en se fondant principalement sur les caracteristiques des grandes entreprises. La tentation est forte d'utiliser ces classifications pour faire de la haute technologie le privilege exclusif de certains secteurs. Nous utilisons les donnees recueillies dans le cadre d'une enquete speciale aupres des nouvelles entreprises pour demontrer qu'il serait imprudent d'adopter une telle pratique. Nous examinons dans un premier temps les limitations des systemes de classification actuels qui pourraient etre utilises pour classer les industries en fonction de leur niveau technologique faible ou eleve, de leur evolution technologique ou de toute autre caracteristique. Pour la plupart unidimensionnelles au plan des caracteristiques etudiees, bon nombre de ces classifications (par exemple la classification de l'Organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques (OCDE) qui est utilisee pour attribuer une valeur de rendement) utilisent des mesures conceptuelles et operationnelles qui sont a la fois limitees et incompletes. Par consequent, les systemes classiques qui, a partir de ces mesures, classent les secteurs selon qu'ils sont a forte ou a faible composante technologique ne tiennent pas compte du degre d'innovation, ni des competences du capital humain que l'on retrouve dans certains secteurs d'activite. Or dans un contexte politique ou de telles classifications du type tableau de score chargees de connotations ont un effet direct sur l'affectation des ressources, les couts sociaux d'une erreur de classification risquent d'etre considerables. Au moyen d'une analyse comparative, nous examinons le role de la conceptualisation dans l'elaboration de classifications qui repartissent les secteurs d'activite selon qu'ils sont a forte ou a faible composante technologique. Loin de produire des classifications definitives, les mesures de rechange actuelles du progres technologique s'averent deficientes lorsqu'on en examine de plus pres les fondements intellectuels. Qui plus est, comme bon nombre de ces classifications sont etablies a partir des valeurs globales du secteur d'activite vise-elles-memes basees principalement sur les caracteristiques des grandes entreprises-elles peuvent masquer les caracteristiques reelles des petites entreprises nouvelles dans certains secteurs-celles

Suggested Citation

  • Gellatly, Guy & Baldwin, John R., 1998. "La haute technologie est-elle l'exclusivite des entreprises ou peut-elle s'appliquer a l'ensemble d'un secteur d'activite? Donnees recueillies aupres des nouvelles entreprises axees sur la technologie," Direction des études analytiques : documents de recherche 1998120f, Statistics Canada, Direction des études analytiques.
  • Handle: RePEc:stc:stcp3f:1998120f
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    File URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/fr/catalogue/11F0019M1998120
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    References listed on IDEAS

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