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Teorias e dinâmicas migratórias internacionais: algumas experiências africanas de "brain drain","brain circulation" e "brain gain"

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  • João Ribeiro Butiam Có

Abstract

A formação de quadros superiores que pudessem assegurar o progresso dos (novos) estados africanos constituíra uma preocupação da política de educação e desenvolvimento do continente africano nos anos sessenta. Mais recentemente, as Convenções de Lomé – exemplo da convenção de Lomé III (1986–1990) – trouxeram (mais) oportunidades de cooperação entre os países da UE (União Europeia) e os países da ACP (Países da África, Caraíbas e Pacifico), em matéria de valorização dos recursos humanos e promoção das suas identidades culturais (Michéle et al., 1989; Psacharopoulos et al., 1985). Não obstante essas políticas, milhares de profissionais africanos têm abandonado o continente – desde os anos sessenta – em direcção aos países do Norte (desenvolvidos), constituindo o fenómeno brain drain. Isto tem levado à acumulação de quadros superiores não regressados, muitos deles os chamados overstayers. Esta realidade tem afectado a África, constituindo um dos obstáculos ao desenvolvimento e progresso do continente. Por consequência, a partir dos anos oitenta, várias políticas nacionais (africanas) e iniciativas regionais, intergovernamentais e internacionais têm sido levadas a cabo, de forma a minimizar os impactos (negativos) do fenómeno da fuga dos cérebros no continente (Meyer et al., 1997; Adepoju, 2005; Mutume, 2003; Wickramasekara, 2002). Deste modo, a preocupação central deste trabalho visa pôr em evidência algumas contribuições africanas relacionadas com a dinâmica da mobilidade internacional dos profissionais africanos – em concreto os conceitos de brain drain, brain circulation e brain gain – através de políticas, acordos e iniciativas levados a cabo por várias instituições, governos e redes migratórias africanas. Os tratados regionais, da Comunidade Económica para o Desenvolvimento dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDAO), da Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC), por um lado, e o trabalho das redes migratórias, exemplo da Association of Kenyans Abroad, Moroccan Association of Researchers and Scholars Abroad, Association of Nigerians Abroad, South African Network of Skills Abroad e Tunisian Scientific Consortium, por outro, são alguns contributos sublinhados ao longo deste trabalho, assim como testemunhos da direcção e volume da diáspora africana qualificada.

Suggested Citation

  • João Ribeiro Butiam Có, 2009. "Teorias e dinâmicas migratórias internacionais: algumas experiências africanas de "brain drain","brain circulation" e "brain gain"," Working Papers wp022009, SOCIUS, Research Centre in Economic and Organisational Sociology at the School of Economics and Management (ISEG) of the University of Lisbon.
  • Handle: RePEc:soc:wpaper:wp022009
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    References listed on IDEAS

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