IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/7259.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Diversification of Investor's Expertise in IPOs

Author

Listed:
  • Bourjade, Sylvain

Abstract

In most Initial Public Offerings (IPO) in the world, the underwriter selects syndicate members and uses the information of their investors' clientele to set the offering price. The objective of this paper is to develop a model of the "book building" process in which the formation of the syndicate is an endogenous decision variable. More specifically, I will examine in which cases the lead underwriter will benefit from selecting syndicate members with different investors clientele characterized by a specific line of expertise. I model the fact that different investors have different lines of expertise in assuming that the uncertainty about the value of the shares has two dimensions. One may think about those two dimensions as information elicited from retail and institutional investors. Another interpretation may be that the first dimension is an industry-specific information and the second one, information from a local underwriter. A lead underwriter may also value both particular information about the issuer and indications of interest from key institutional investors coming from previous relationships of a syndicate member. In previous IPO's models with one dimensional uncertainty about the value of the shares, the underwriter must underprice shares to extract information from investors. Informational rents are therefore concealed to these investors in order to induce them to reveal their information and this results in underpricing. In this multi-dimensional context, I prove that it is not always optimal for the decision-maker to acquire all available information about the value of the shares. When deciding which syndicate's organization she wants to implement, the underwriter faces a trade off between the cost of extracting information and the informational efficiency. I show that it is optimal for the lead underwriter to select syndicate members having investors' clienteles with different lines of expertise when she faces a great informational problem, when she values more price accuracy, when the firm going public is more transparent, riskier, and when the capacity of the retail investors increases, which is consistent with the empirical evidence.

Suggested Citation

  • Bourjade, Sylvain, 2002. "Diversification of Investor's Expertise in IPOs," MPRA Paper 7259, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Dec 2007.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:7259
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7259/1/MPRA_paper_7259.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. William Wilhelm & Pegaret Pichler, 2001. "A Theory of the Syndicate: Form Follows Function," Economics Series Working Papers 2001-FE-05, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
    2. Tim Loughran & Jay R. Ritter, 2002. "Why Don't Issuers Get Upset About Leaving Money on the Table in IPOs?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 15(2), pages 413-444, March.
    3. Sherman, Ann E., 2005. "Global trends in IPO methods: Book building versus auctions with endogenous entry," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(3), pages 615-649, December.
    4. Jean-Jacques Laffont & David Martimort, 2000. "Mechanism Design with Collusion and Correlation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(2), pages 309-342, March.
    5. Alexander P. Ljungqvist & Tim Jenkinson & William J. Wilhelm, Jr., 2003. "Global Integration in Primary Equity Markets: The Role of U.S. Banks and U.S. Investors," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 63-99.
    6. repec:kap:eurfin:v:10:y:2006:i:3:p:353-387 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Moresi, Serge, 2000. "Information acquisition and research differentiation prior to an open-bid auction1," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 723-746, July.
    8. Vojislav Maksimovic & Pegaret Pichler, 2006. "Structuring the Initial Offering: Who to Sell To and How to Do It," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 10(3), pages 353-387, September.
    9. Shane A. Corwin & Paul Schultz, 2005. "The Role of IPO Underwriting Syndicates: Pricing, Information Production, and Underwriter Competition," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(1), pages 443-486, February.
    10. Sherman, Ann E. & Titman, Sheridan, 2002. "Building the IPO order book: underpricing and participation limits with costly information," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(1), pages 3-29, July.
    11. Puri, Manju, 1996. "Commercial banks in investment banking Conflict of interest or certification role?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 373-401, March.
    12. Biais, Bruno & Faugeron-Crouzet, Anne Marie, 2002. "IPO Auctions: English, Dutch, ... French, and Internet," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 9-36, January.
    13. Benveniste, Lawrence M. & Spindt, Paul A., 1989. "How investment bankers determine the offer price and allocation of new issues," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 343-361.
    14. Narayanan, Rajesh P. & Rangan, Kasturi P. & Rangan, N.K.Nanda K., 2004. "The role of syndicate structure in bank underwriting," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(3), pages 555-580, June.
    15. Pegaret Pichler & William Wilhelm, 2001. "A Theory of the Syndicate: Form Follows Function," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 56(6), pages 2237-2264, December.
    16. Haritchabalet, Carole & Casamatta, Catherine, 2003. "Learning and Syndication in Venture Capital Investments," CEPR Discussion Papers 3867, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    17. Gromb, Denis & Martimort, David, 2004. "The Organization of Delegated Expertise," IDEI Working Papers 284, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
    18. Jean-Jacques Laffont & David Martimort, 1999. "Separation of Regulators Against Collusive Behavior," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 30(2), pages 232-262, Summer.
    19. Jaime F. Zender & James J.D. Wang, 2002. "Auctioning divisible goods," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 19(4), pages 673-705.
    20. Benveniste, Lawrence M. & Wilhelm, William J., 1990. "A comparative analysis of IPO proceeds under alternative regulatory environments," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(1-2), pages 173-207.
    21. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:5:p:2421-2444 is not listed on IDEAS
    22. FranÁois Derrien & Kent L. Womack, 2003. "Auctions vs. Bookbuilding and the Control of Underpricing in Hot IPO Markets," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 31-61.
    23. Bruno Biais & Peter Bossaerts & Jean-Charles Rochet, 2002. "An Optimal IPO Mechanism," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 69(1), pages 117-146.
    24. Robert Wilson, 1979. "Auctions of Shares," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 93(4), pages 675-689.
    25. Cremer, Jacques & McLean, Richard P, 1988. "Full Extraction of the Surplus in Bayesian and Dominant Strategy Auctions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(6), pages 1247-1257, November.
    26. Pegaret Pichler & William Wilhelm, 2001. "A Theory of the Syndicate: Form Follows Function," OFRC Working Papers Series 2001fe05, Oxford Financial Research Centre.
    27. Back, Kerry & Zender, Jaime F, 1993. "Auctions of Divisible Goods: On the Rationale for the Treasury Experiment," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 6(4), pages 733-764.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sylvain Bourjade, 2021. "The role of expertise in syndicate formation," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 844-870, November.
    2. Ravi Jagannathan & Ann E. Sherman, 2006. "Why Do IPO Auctions Fail?," NBER Working Papers 12151, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Sherman, Ann E., 2005. "Global trends in IPO methods: Book building versus auctions with endogenous entry," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(3), pages 615-649, December.
    4. Degeorge, François & Derrien, François & Womack, Kent L., 2010. "Auctioned IPOs: The US evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(2), pages 177-194, November.
    5. Jagannathan, Ravi & Jirnyi, Andrei & Sherman, Ann Guenther, 2015. "Share auctions of initial public offerings: Global evidence," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 283-311.
    6. Chen Su, 2018. "The efficiency of IPO issuing mechanisms and market conditions: evidence in China," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 51(2), pages 461-495, August.
    7. Francois Degeorge & Francois Derrien & Kent L. Womack, 2007. "Analyst Hype in IPOs: Explaining the Popularity of Bookbuilding," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 20(4), pages 1021-1058.
    8. Hanafi, Mamduh M., 2021. "Fixed price and book building methods in an exogenous environment: Evidence from Indonesia stock market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    9. Bubna, Amit & Prabhala, Nagpurnanand R., 2011. "IPOs with and without allocation discretion: Empirical evidence," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 530-561, October.
    10. Hoje Jo & Yongtae Kim & Dongsoo Shin, 2012. "Underwriter syndication and corporate governance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 61-86, January.
    11. Degeorge, François & Derrien, Francois & Womack, Kent L, 2004. "Quid Pro Quo in IPOs: Why Book-Building is Dominating Auctions," CEPR Discussion Papers 4462, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    12. Ljungqvist, Alexander P. & Wilhelm, William Jr., 2002. "IPO allocations: discriminatory or discretionary?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(2), pages 167-201, August.
    13. Alex Stomper & Pegaret Pichler, 2004. "Primary Market Design: Direct Mechanisms and Markets," Working Papers 2004.9, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    14. Akron, Sagi & Samdani, Taufique, 2017. "Investor protection and institutional investors’ incentive for information production," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 1-15.
    15. Fabio Bertoni & Matteo Bonaventura & Giancarlo Giudici, 2013. "The allotment of IPO shares: placing strategies between retail versus institutional investors," Chapters, in: Mario Levis & Silvio Vismara (ed.), Handbook of Research on IPOs, chapter 10, pages 207-218, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    16. Chen, Hsuan-Chi & Shu, Pei-Gi & Chiang, Sue-Jane, 2011. "The choice between bookbuilding and fixed-price offering: Evidence from SEOs in Taiwan," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 28-48, February.
    17. Trauten, Andreas, 2004. "Zur Effizienz von Wertpapieremissionen über Internetplattformen," Working Papers 8, University of Münster, Competence Center Internet Economy and Hybrid Systems, European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS).
    18. Hsuan‐Chi Chen & Robert C. W. Fok & Yu‐Jen Wang, 2006. "Why do Underwriters Charge Low Underwriting Fees for Initial Public Offerings in Taiwan?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(7‐8), pages 979-1005, September.
    19. Busaba, Walid Y., 2006. "Bookbuilding, the option to withdraw, and the timing of IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 159-186, January.
    20. Lin, Ji-Chai & Lee, Yi-Tsung & Liu, Yu-Jane, 2007. "IPO auctions and private information," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 1483-1500, May.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Initial Public Offerings; Expertise; Asymmetric Information; Value of Information;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G2 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services
    • D82 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:7259. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.