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Consumption & Savings Behavior in Pakistan

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  • Shaikh, Salman

Abstract

Like many other countries, aggregate consumption constitutes a major portion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan. Consumption decisions determine savings decisions. In long term growth literature, differences in long term growth had been explained to a large extent by differences in the rate of savings which also determine a country’s investment in productive capacity, developing human capital and improving socio-economic infrastructure. In this study, we test three famous consumption models in the literature for their empirical verification taking macro level data for Pakistan economy. These include Keynes (1935) consumption function, Robert Hall’s (1978) Random Walk Hypothesis and Milton Friedman’s (1957) Permanent Income Hypothesis. Furthermore, we also run two multiple regression models using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach to study the determinants of savings in Pakistan economy. The results indicate evidence of consumption smoothing and relatively stable Average Propensity to Consume (APC) in the long run. In the second set of models for analyzing determinants of saving, it was found that nominal national savings are positively related with aggregate level of income and exports while negatively related with wealth variables like total market capitalization of stocks. In line with theory, it was found that nominal national savings are negatively associated with federal debt, government expenditure and inflation. In the alternate model taking variables in growth form, it was found that national savings rate is positively related with GDP growth rate, exports to GDP ratio, remittances growth rate and negatively related with rate of inflation.

Suggested Citation

  • Shaikh, Salman, 2012. "Consumption & Savings Behavior in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 42496, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:42496
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Milton Friedman, 1957. "Introduction to "A Theory of the Consumption Function"," NBER Chapters, in: A Theory of the Consumption Function, pages 1-6, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Muhammad Farhan & Muhammad Akram, 2011. "Does Income Level affect Saving Behaviour in Pakistan? An ARDL approach to co-integration for empirical assessment," Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, Far East Research Centre, vol. 3(5), pages 62-72, June.
    3. Milton Friedman, 1957. "A Theory of the Consumption Function," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number frie57-1.
    4. Shahbaz Nasir & Mahmood Khalid, 2004. "Saving-investment Behaviour in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 43(4), pages 665-682.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Consumption; Savings; Permanent Income Hypothesis; Random Walk Model; Keynes Consumption Function; Determinants of Savings;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth

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