Energy Policy Evolution in Pakistan: Balancing Security, Efficiency, and Sustainability

This paper analyzes Pakistan's energy policies from 1990 to 2024, tracking their evolution from focusing on energy generation to an integrated approach emphasizing renewable energy and efficiency. Through a systematic literature review, the study evaluates policy effectiveness and identifies key implementation barriers. Early policies, such as the National Energy Conservation Policy (1992) and the Energy Policy (1994), prioritized generation capacity to meet energy security needs but paid limited attention to renewable sources or energy efficiency improvements. The policy landscape began to shift in the 2000s with the introduction of incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives. Despite this progress, challenges related to short-term planning, inconsistent implementation, and an over-reliance on fossil fuels persist. Recent policies, such as the Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy (2019) and the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Plan (2020-25), provide a comprehensive framework for promoting sustainable energy practices. However, persistent institutional, financial, and regulatory barriers limit their effectiveness. The paper recommends that Pakistan's energy strategy focus on long-term planning, strengthened fiscal incentives, and enhanced institutional support to align with global energy security and climate resilience standards. These recommendations aim to foster a sustainable energy future, advancing national energy security and environmental goals.