IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/121289.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Determinants of Business Freedom in Developing Countries: The Role of Institutional Development and Policy Mix

Author

Listed:
  • Audi, Marc
  • Ali, Amjad

Abstract

Smooth and stable commercial/business activities are the prime concern of every nation, as these activities decide the developmental routes of the economy. This study has examined the role of institutional development and policy mix in determining business freedom in developing countries. Institutional development has been measured with the help of government effectiveness and political stability. Policy mix have been measured with the help of monetary freedom and fiscal freedom. To examine the impact of explanatory variables on the explained variable, this study has used panel least squares, random effect model, and generalized method of moments. The estimated results show that fiscal freedom has a negative and significant impact on business freedom, whereas, monetary freedom has an insignificant impact on business freedom in the case of developing countries. The results show that government effectiveness, political stability, and tread freedom are encouraging business freedom in developing countries. The corporate tax has a negative and significant impact on business freedom. Empirical show that developing countries are more inclined towards non-developmental expenditures, thus to control the negative impacts of fiscal freedom developing countries needs rationalization in government expenditures. Developing countries should promote government effectiveness, political stability, and trade freedom to enhance business freedom. To control the negative impacts of corporate taxes, developing countries should rationalize tax policies to promote business freedom.

Suggested Citation

  • Audi, Marc & Ali, Amjad, 2024. "Determinants of Business Freedom in Developing Countries: The Role of Institutional Development and Policy Mix," MPRA Paper 121289, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:121289
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/121289/1/MPRA_paper_121289.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sadia IMTIAZ & Malik Fahim BASHIR, 2017. "Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in South Asian countries," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(2(611), S), pages 277-290, Summer.
    2. Daron Acemoglu & Philippe Aghion & Leonardo Bursztyn & David Hemous, 2012. "The Environment and Directed Technical Change," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(1), pages 131-166, February.
    3. J. R. Clark & Robert A. Lawson, 2008. "The Impact of Economic Growth, Tax Policy and Economic Freedom on Income Inequality," Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, vol. 24(Fall 2008), pages 23-31.
    4. Marc Audi & Marc Poulin & Amjad Ali, 2024. "Environmental Impact of Business Freedom and Renewable Energy: A Global Perspective," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(3), pages 672-683, May.
    5. La Porta, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert, 1999. "The Quality of Government," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 222-279, April.
    6. Michael Storper & Anthony J. Venables, 2004. "Buzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 4(4), pages 351-370, August.
    7. Alberto Chong & César Calderón, 2000. "Institutional quality and poverty measures in a cross-section of countries," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 123-135, July.
    8. Pranab Bardhan, 2005. "Institutions matter, but which ones?," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 13(3), pages 499-532, July.
    9. Christiano, Lawrence J & Eichenbaum, Martin, 1992. "Current Real-Business-Cycle Theories and Aggregate Labor-Market Fluctuations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(3), pages 430-450, June.
    10. La Porta, Rafael & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1997. "Legal Determinants of External Finance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(3), pages 1131-1150, July.
    11. Louis Putterman & David N. Weil, 2010. "Post-1500 Population Flows and The Long-Run Determinants of Economic Growth and Inequality," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 125(4), pages 1627-1682.
    12. Ä°smail Åženturk & Amjad Ali, 2022. "The Relationship between Institutional Quality and Welfare: Panel-SUR Analysis on BRICS-T Countries," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(1), pages 45-52, March.
    13. David Dollar & Craig Burnside, 2000. "Aid, Policies, and Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(4), pages 847-868, September.
    14. Bukowski, Pawel & Novokmet, Filip, 2021. "Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 110221, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    15. Arthur Goldsmith, 1995. "Democracy, property rights and economic growth," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(2), pages 157-174.
    16. Marc Audi & Amjad Ali, 2023. "Unveiling the Role of Business Freedom to Determine Environmental Degradation in Developing Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 157-164, September.
    17. Cummins, Jason G. & Hassett, Kevin A. & Hubbard, R. Glenn, 1996. "Tax reforms and investment: A cross-country comparison," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(1-2), pages 237-273, October.
    18. Robert A. Lawson, 2008. "On the Methodology of the Economic Freedom of the World Index," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: King Banaian & Bryan Roberts (ed.), The Design and Use of Political Economy Indicators, chapter 0, pages 171-185, Palgrave Macmillan.
    19. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Foreign Debt, Financial Stability, Exchange Rate Volatility and Economic Growth in South Asian Countries," MPRA Paper 116328, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2022.
    20. Slemrod, Joel, 1990. "Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax Systems," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 4(1), pages 157-178, Winter.
    21. Jeffery S. McMullen & D. Ray Bagby & Leslie E. Palich, 2008. "Economic Freedom and the Motivation to Engage in Entrepreneurial Action," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 32(5), pages 875-895, September.
    22. Sean Alley & Mark Melichar, 2021. "Examining the Impact of Economics Education on Young Americans’ Attitudes about the Economy and Economic Institutions," Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, vol. 36(Winter 20), pages 21-44.
    23. William Easterly & Ross Levine & David Roodman, 2004. "Aid, Policies, and Growth: Comment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(3), pages 774-780, June.
    24. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Financial Liberalization, Institutional Quality and Economic Growth Nexus: Panel Analysis of African Countries," MPRA Paper 116101, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    25. Yilmaz Bayar, 2016. "Impact of Openness and Economic Freedom on Economic Growth in the Transition Economies of the European Union," South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, Association of Economic Universities of South and Eastern Europe and the Black Sea Region, vol. 14(1), pages 7-19.
    26. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Determining Pakistan's Financial Dependency: The Role of Financial Globalization and Corruption," MPRA Paper 116097, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    27. Audi, Marc & Ali, Amjad & Fayad Hamadeh, Hani, 2022. "Nexus among innovations, financial development and economic growth in developing countries," MPRA Paper 115220, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    28. Michael P. Devereux & Rachel Griffith & Alexander Klemm, 2002. "Corporate income tax reforms and international tax competition [‘Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela’]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 17(35), pages 449-495.
    29. James R. Hines & Eric M. Rice, 1994. "Fiscal Paradise: Foreign Tax Havens and American Business," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 109(1), pages 149-182.
    30. Marc Audi & Amjad Ali, 2023. "Public Policy and Economic Misery Nexus: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing World," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(3), pages 56-73, May.
    31. Baum, Anja & Koester, Gerrit B., 2011. "The impact of fiscal policy on economic activity over the business cycle - evidence from a threshold VAR analysis," Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies 2011,03, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    32. repec:cto:journl:v:21:y:2002:i:3:p:415-426 is not listed on IDEAS
    33. Kimaro, Edmund Lawrence & Keong, Choong Chee & Sea, Lau Lin, 2017. "Government Expenditure, Efficiency and Economic Growth: A Panel Analysis of Sub Saharan African Low Income Countries," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 5(2), July.
    34. Rajeev K. Goel, 2018. "Foreign direct investment and entrepreneurship: gender differences across international economic freedom and taxation," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 887-897, April.
    35. Yogi Rahmayanti & Theara Horn, 2010. "Expenditure Efficiency and the Optimal Size of Government in Developing Countries," Discussion Papers in Economics and Business 10-20, Osaka University, Graduate School of Economics.
    36. Marc Audi & Marc Poulin & Amjad Ali, 2024. "Environmental Impact of Business Freedom and Renewable Energy: A Global Perspective," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(3), pages 672-683, May.
    37. Albert de Vaal & Wouter Ebben, 2011. "Institutions and the Relation between Corruption and Economic Growth," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(1), pages 108-123, February.
    38. Stiglitz Joseph E., 2010. "Contagion, Liberalization, and the Optimal Structure of Globalization," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 1(2), pages 1-47, December.
    39. Berger, Daniel & Corvalan, Alejandro & Easterly, William & Satyanath, Shanker, 2013. "Do superpower interventions have short and long term consequences for democracy?," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 22-34.
    40. Ali, Amjad & Audi, Marc, 2023. "Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Capital Inflows on the Current Account Balance in Developing Economies: A Panel Data Approach," MPRA Paper 118173, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    41. Benjamin Powell & Matt E. Ryan, 2006. "Does Development Aid Lead to Economic Freedom?," Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, vol. 22(Fall 2006), pages 1-21.
    42. Baxter, Marianne & King, Robert G, 1993. "Fiscal Policy in General Equilibrium," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(3), pages 315-334, June.
    43. Arora, Vivek & Vamvakidis, Athanasios, 2006. "The Impact of U.S. Economic Growth on the Rest of the World: How Much Does It Matter?," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 21, pages 21-39.
    44. repec:bla:kyklos:v:53:y:2000:i:4:p:527-44 is not listed on IDEAS
    45. Paweł Bukowski & Filip Novokmet, 2021. "Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 187-239, June.
    46. Ali, Amjad & Zulfiqar, Kalsoom, 2018. "An Assessment of Association between Natural Resources Agglomeration and Unemployment in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 87968, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    47. Beraldo, Sergio & Montolio, Daniel & Turati, Gilberto, 2009. "Healthy, educated and wealthy: A primer on the impact of public and private welfare expenditures on economic growth," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 946-956, December.
    48. Kenworthy, Lane, 2016. "Social Democratic America," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780190230951, December.
    49. Schumacher, Ingmar, 2013. "Political stability, corruption and trust in politicians," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 359-369.
    50. Mr. Alessandro Cantelmo & Nikos Fatouros & Mr. Giovanni Melina & Mr. Chris Papageorgiou, 2022. "Monetary Policy in Disaster-Prone Developing Countries," IMF Working Papers 2022/067, International Monetary Fund.
    51. Jac C. Heckelman & Stephen Knack, 2009. "Aid, Economic Freedom, And Growth," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 27(1), pages 46-53, January.
    52. Dawson, John W, 1998. "Institutions, Investment, and Growth: New Cross-Country and Panel Data Evidence," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 36(4), pages 603-619, October.
    53. Seth W. Norton, 1998. "Poverty, Property Rights, and Human Well-Being: A Cross-National Study," Cato Journal, Cato Journal, Cato Institute, vol. 18(2), pages 233-245, Fall.
    54. de Haan, Jakob & Siermann, Clemens L J, 1998. "Further Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 95(3-4), pages 363-380, June.
    55. Mathieson, Donald J., 1980. "Financial reform and stabilization policy in a developing economy," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 359-395, September.
    56. Paolo Mauro, 1995. "Corruption and Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 110(3), pages 681-712.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ullah, Asad & Ali, Amjad, 2024. "Investigating Corruption, Income Inequality, and Environmental Degradation in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis," MPRA Paper 121291, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sulehri, Fiaz Ahmad & Ali, Amjad, 2024. "Nexus among Regulatory Framework, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Insights from Structural Equation Modeling Approach," MPRA Paper 121285, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Cebula, Richard J. & Clark, J.R. & Mixon, Franklin G., Jr., 2013. "The Impact of Economic Freedom on Per Capita Real GDP: A Study of OECD Nations," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 43(1).
    3. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Determining Pakistan's Financial Dependency: The Role of Financial Globalization and Corruption," MPRA Paper 116097, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Foreign Debt, Financial Stability, Exchange Rate Volatility and Economic Growth in South Asian Countries," MPRA Paper 116328, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2022.
    5. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Financial Liberalization, Institutional Quality and Economic Growth Nexus: Panel Analysis of African Countries," MPRA Paper 116329, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2022.
    6. Richard J. Cebula & Franklin G. Mixon Jr., 2014. "The Roles of Economic Freedom and Regulatory Quality in Creating a Favorable Environment for Investment in Energy R&D, Infrastructure, and Capacity," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 73(2), pages 299-324, April.
    7. Richard Cebula & J. Clark, 2012. "Lessons from the experience of OECD nations on macroeconomic growth and economic freedom, 2004–2008," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 59(3), pages 231-243, September.
    8. Olalekan Charles Okunlola & Anthony E. Akinlo, 2021. "Does economic freedom enhance quality of life in Africa?," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 68(3), pages 357-387, September.
    9. Ali, Amjad & Hasan, Zohaib Ul & Abbasi, Qasim & Sulehri, Fiaz Ahmad, 2023. "Business or Politics: Exploring the Determinants of Policy Mix in South Asia," MPRA Paper 120120, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Simeon Djankov & Tim Ganser & Caralee McLiesh & Rita Ramalho & Andrei Shleifer, 2010. "The Effect of Corporate Taxes on Investment and Entrepreneurship," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 2(3), pages 31-64, July.
    11. Richard Cebula & Franklin Mixon, 2012. "The Impact of Fiscal and Other Economic Freedoms on Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 18(2), pages 139-149, May.
    12. Doucouliagos, Chris & Ulubasoglu, Mehmet Ali, 2006. "Economic freedom and economic growth: Does specification make a difference?," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 60-81, March.
    13. Ullah, Asad & Ali, Amjad, 2024. "Investigating Corruption, Income Inequality, and Environmental Degradation in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis," MPRA Paper 121291, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Jamie Bologna Pavlik & Benjamin Powell & Andrew T. Young, 2022. "Does aid cause changes in economic freedom?," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 89(1), pages 90-111, July.
    15. Richard J. Cebula, 2011. "Economic Growth, Ten Forms of Economic Freedom, and Political Stability: An Empirical Study Using Panel Data, 2003–2007," Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, vol. 26(Spring 20), pages 61-81.
    16. Qurat ul Ain, 2023. "A Dreamy Long Poem by Arif Abdul Mateen "Shahr-e- Bey Sma’at"," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 9(2), pages 75-86.
    17. Raymond J. March & Conrad Lyford & Benjamin Powell, 2017. "Causes and barriers to increases in economic freedom," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 64(1), pages 87-103, March.
    18. Ang, James B., 2013. "Institutions and the long-run impact of early development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 1-18.
    19. Olalekan C. Okunlola & Olumide A. Ayetigbo, 2022. "Economic Freedom and Human Development in ECOWAS: Does Political-Institutional Strength Play a Role?," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 13(3), pages 1751-1785, September.
    20. Raphael A. Auer, 2013. "Geography, institutions, and the making of comparative development," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 179-215, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Business Freedom; Institutional Development; Monetary Freedom; Fiscal Freedom;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B52 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - Current Heterodox Approaches - - - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Modern Monetary Theory;
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:121289. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.