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The Determinants of Design Applications in Europe

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  • Leogrande, Angelo
  • Costantiello, Alberto
  • Laureti, Lucio
  • Leogrande, Domenico

Abstract

In this article we estimate the level of “Design Application” in 37 European Countries in the period 2010-2019. We use data from the European Innovation Scoreboard-EIS of the European Commission. We perform four econometric models i.e., Pooled OLS, Panel Data with Random Effects, Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Dynamic Panel. We found that the level of Design Applications is negatively associated to “Enterprise Births”, “Finance and Support”, “Firm Investments” and positively associated with “Venture Capital”, “Turnover share large enterprises”, “R&D expenditure public sector”, “Intellectual Assets”. In adjunct we perform a cluster analysis with the application of the k�Means algorithm optimized with the Silhouette Coefficient and we found three different clusters. Finally, we confront eight different machine learning algorithms to predict the level of “Design Application” and we found that the Tree Ensemble is the best predictor with a value for the 30% of the dataset analyzed that is expected to decrease in mean of -12,86%.

Suggested Citation

  • Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio & Leogrande, Domenico, 2021. "The Determinants of Design Applications in Europe," MPRA Paper 110836, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:110836
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert M. Solow, 1956. "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 70(1), pages 65-94.
    2. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio, 2021. "The Impact of Venture Capital Expenditures on Innovation in Europe," MPRA Paper 109897, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Bronwyn H. Hall & Vania Sena, 2017. "Appropriability mechanisms, innovation, and productivity: evidence from the UK," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(1-2), pages 42-62, February.
    4. McDowell, William C. & Peake, Whitney O. & Coder, LeAnne & Harris, Michael L., 2018. "Building small firm performance through intellectual capital development: Exploring innovation as the “black box”," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 321-327.
    5. Paul M. Romer, 1994. "The Origins of Endogenous Growth," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 8(1), pages 3-22, Winter.
    6. Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio & De Cristoforo, Gianluca & Leogrande, Angelo, 2021. "The Innovation-Sales Growth Nexus in Europe," MPRA Paper 106858, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 28 Mar 2021.
    7. Liang Guo-Fitoussi & Ahmed Bounfour & Sabrine Rekik, 2019. "Intellectual property rights, complementarity and the firm's economic performance," Post-Print hal-03427803, HAL.
    8. Andrea Filippetti & Beatrice D’Ippolito, 2017. "Appropriability of design innovation across organisational boundaries: exploring collaborative relationships between manufacturing firms and designers in Italy," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(6), pages 613-632, August.
    9. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto, 2021. "Human Resources in Europe. Estimation, Clusterization, Machine Learning and Prediction," MPRA Paper 109749, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Sunil Kanwar & Stefan Sperlich, 2020. "Innovation, productivity and intellectual property reform in an emerging market economy: evidence from India," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 933-950, August.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Leogrande, Angelo, 2022. "Export of Medium and High-Tech Products in Europe," MPRA Paper 112619, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio, 2022. "k-Means Clusterization and Machine Learning Prediction of European Most Cited Scientific Publications," MPRA Paper 114273, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Costantiello, Alberto & Leogrande, Angelo, 2023. "The Impact of Research and Development Expenditures on ESG Model in the Global Economy," MPRA Paper 117013, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Laureti, Lucio & Costantiello, Alberto & Matarrese, Marco Maria & Leogrande, Angelo, 2022. "Enterprises Providing ICT Training in Europe," MPRA Paper 111756, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio, 2022. "The Opportunity Driven Entrepreneurship in the Context of Innovation Systems in Europe in the Period 2010-2019," MPRA Paper 114716, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Laureti, Lucio & Costantiello, Alberto & Matarrese, Marco Maria & Leogrande, Angelo, 2022. "The Employment in Innovative Enterprises in Europe," MPRA Paper 111335, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio, 2022. "The Exports of Knowledge Intensive Services. A Complex Metric Approach," MPRA Paper 113348, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Leogrande, Angelo, 2022. "Workers in the Knowledge Economy in Europe," MPRA Paper 112538, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Laureti, Lucio, 2022. "The impact of patent applications on technological innovation in European countries," MPRA Paper 115346, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O30 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - General
    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    • O32 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • O34 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

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