Symposium on Elisabeth Popp Berman’s Thinking Like an Economist. How Efficiency Replace Equality in U.S. Public Policy

Elisabeth Popp Berman’s Thinking Like an Economist unfolds a captivating and detailed historical account of the rise of economics and economists’ influence within the US Administration during the 1960s and 1970s. This transformation played a pivotal role in reshaping American policy, Berman argues. At the core of her story is the concept of an “economic style of reasoning”, inspired by Ian Hacking’s (1994) work. Berman’s “economic style of reasoning” describes a distinct approach to policy problems, one anchored in microeconomic concepts (rather than macroeconomic ones) such as incentives, externalities, and efficiency. Crucially, the “economic style of reasoning” does not designate what some economists think, but rather, a set of ideas, related to economics but not completely overlapping with it, that are used in policy—not only by economists. Throughout 230 pages, Berman masterfully traces the progressive ascension of the economic style of reasoning within US administration, from its rise in the 1960s to its relative decline during the Reagan Presidency. “Efficiency” as a policy criterion gradually supplanted other foundational values that had long justified policy actions, values such as “rights, universalism, equity, and limiting corporate power” (4). These concepts were actually loosely used by the actors Berman is interested in. Berman posits that the dissemination of this style of reasoning exerted a profound influence by eroding the legitimacy of policy propositions rooted in alternative values, notably those championed by the left-wing of the Democratic party. One strength of the book is to show how the economic style of reasoning stuck and consolidated, even in the absence of economists, and how unusual suspects—center-left technocrats, favoring government intervention—were responsible for promoting a sense of ineluctability of its use.