Sociologia del Dissenso

The theme of this article is epistemological: Defining the logical and epistemological statute of Dissent as a sociological act of innovation and change in international law by social groups in opposition to the establishment, sovereign states and their geopolitical alliances. The sociological theory of the loop as an object of study and ontological unity is, therefore, applied to the case of Dissent, to try to explain the paradox of this social function that makes its way, every day, in a world originally dominated by the Force (of military, police, hooliganism, terrorist, antisocial nature, etc.). We try to answer the problem of how Dissent (political-democratic, human rights, civil disobedience, etc.) can be a practice of peaceful contrast to violence and the Force, which can even create such beautiful and fragile buildings as state law, international law, human rights and peace itself. In doing so, it is assumed that international human rights regimes cooperate with Dissent (operating within them, and viceversa) to impose international legal obligations, in the field of human rights, which are fully effective and sanctioned, even in the absence of a police and/or centralized jurisdiction and/or a deterrent system of military sanctions. This concurrent, complementary and quasi-collaborative activity with the States, on the one hand, challenges the "local and nationalized" Force, on the other, "to some extent", follows a "loop" logic making use of them. The conjecture formulated by this article is that the sociological theory of the loop, applied to the case of dissent, can explain the paradox of dissent (political-democratic, in human rights, in civil disobedience, etc.). Indeed, it is aporetic how peaceful practice can contribute to establishing international law, human rights and peace itself without being Force and violence itself. The aporia would be resolved, by conjecture, by arguing that Dissent "is" Strength to a certain extent, that is, that it is logically and ontologically "vague" related to the practice of States and by asserting that the International Regimes of Human Rights are sketches of the future international law (or the future legal systems of the Sovereign States or their, for now, unknown successor). Such an outcome, however, requires a reformulation of the implicit presuppositions of the sociology of Dissent, affecting its logical and ontological foundations, with a new thesis of deontic logic, which resorts to an attenuation of the principle of non contradiction, in the particular field of praxis of Dissent. This allows us to conceptualize the ontological and logical theory that Dissent would be "almost" an act of Force.