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Pensions, Purchasing-Power Risk, Inflation and Indexation

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  • Edward Whitehouse

    (OECD)

Abstract

The rapid rise in inflation in 2006-07 has attracted attention – once again – both to how pensions systems should react to changes in prices, and to how they do so in practice. Although inflation is now falling as a result of lower commodity prices and weakening demand, this brings with it the risk of deflation – falling prices – which also raises questions as to how pension systems should react. Most OECD countries have a legislated commitment to indexation of pensions in payment. However, the empirical evidence in this paper shows that these rules have frequently been over-ridden. Furthermore, because indexation to price inflation rather than wage inflation is much more common – and wages can be expected to rise more rapidly than prices – the effect of following legislated indexation rules will be to reduce pensioner incomes compared with those of the working-age population. However, indexation to prices is less costly, allowing a larger initial pension than under earnings indexation for a given budget constraint. This paper sets out current, national indexation policies and historical data on how pensions have been adjusted in practice. It examines different indexation policies: to prices, earnings or a mix of the two; the choice of the price index and progressive indexation (where smaller pensions are increased more rapidly than larger). La forte reprise de l’inflation en 2006-07 a, de nouveau, attiré l’attention à la fois sur la manière dont les régimes de pensions devraient réagir aux évolutions des prix, et sur la manière dont ils réagissent dans les faits. Même si l’inflation est actuellement en chute, par suite de la baisse des prix des matières premières et de l’affaiblissement de la demande, il en résulte un risque de déflation – c’est-à-dire de chute des prix – qui conduit aussi à s’interroger sur la manière dont les régimes de pensions devraient réagir. Dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE, la loi prévoit l’indexation obligatoire des prestations de retraite. Cependant, les données d’observation réunies dans le présent document montrent que, bien souvent, ces règles sont négligées. Par ailleurs, dans la mesure où le plus souvent, cette l’indexation s’opère beaucoup sur les prix plutôt que sur les salaires,– et que l’on peut s’attendre à ce que les salaires augmentent plus rapidement que les prix – l’application des règles d’indexation prescrites par la loi aura pour effet de réduire les revenus des retraités par rapport à ceux de la population en âge de travailler. Toutefois, l’indexation sur les prix étant moins onéreuse, cela permet de servir un montant initial de pension plus élevé que dans le cas d’une indexation sur la base des gains, pour un niveau donné de contrainte budgétaire. Le document présente différentes politiques nationales d’indexation en vigueur ainsi que des données historiques retraçant l’évolution des modalités concrètes d’ajustement des pensions. Il passe en revue différentes options : indexation sur les prix, sur les gains ou formule mixte ; choix de l’indice des prix et indexation progressive (lorsque les pensions moins élevées augmentent plus vite que les pensions plus élevées).

Suggested Citation

  • Edward Whitehouse, 2009. "Pensions, Purchasing-Power Risk, Inflation and Indexation," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 77, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:77-en
    DOI: 10.1787/227182142567
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    Cited by:

    1. Vybhavi Balasundharam & Arika Kayastha & Mr. Marcos Poplawski Ribeiro, 2023. "Inflation Indexation in Public Finances: A Global Dataset on Current Practices," IMF Working Papers 2023/264, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Simonovits, András, 2023. "Változó infláció és a nyugdíjak - Magyarország, 2010-2023 [Varying Inflation and Public Pensions: The Case of Hungary, 2010-2023]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(4), pages 381-397.
    3. Petr Janský & Pavel Hait, 2016. "Inflation Differentials among Czech Households," Prague Economic Papers, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2016(1), pages 71-84.
    4. World Bank & African Development Bank, 2020. "Tunisia Public Expenditure Review [Tunisie Revue des Dépenses Publiques]," World Bank Publications - Reports 33854, The World Bank Group.
    5. M. Carmen Boado-Penas & Julia Eisenberg & Ralf Korn, 2019. "Transforming public pensions: A mixed scheme with a credit granted by the state," Papers 1912.12329, arXiv.org.
    6. David Tuesta, 2011. "A review of the pension systems in Latin America," Working Papers 1115, BBVA Bank, Economic Research Department.
    7. Baurin, Arno & Hindriks, Jean, 2023. "Intergenerational consequences of gradual pension reforms," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    8. Maurizio Bovi, 2020. "A time-varying expectations formation mechanism," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 37(1), pages 69-103, April.
    9. Baurin, Arno & Hindriks, Jean, 2022. "Intergenerational consequences of pension reforms: Tension between democracy and equality," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 2022008, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
    10. Max Coveney & Pilar (P.) Garcia-Gomez & Eddy (E.K.A.) van Doorslaer & Tom (T.G.M.) van Ourti, 2018. "Every crisis has a silver lining? Unravelling the pro-cyclical pattern of health inequalities by income," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 18-066/V, Tinbergen Institute.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • D14 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Saving; Personal Finance
    • D80 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - General
    • J14 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination

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