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An Evaluation of the Tax-Transfer Treatment of Married Couples in European Countries

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  • Herwig Immervoll

    (OECD)

  • Henrik Jacobsen Kleven
  • Claus Thustrup Kreiner
  • Nicolaj Verdelin

Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of the tax-transfer treatment of married couples in 15 EU countries using the EUROMOD microsimulation model. First, we show that many tax-transfer schemes in Europe feature negative jointness defined as a situation where the tax rate on one person depends negatively on the earnings of the spouse. This stands in contrast to the previous literature on this question, which has focused on a specific form of positive jointness. The presence of negative jointness is driven by family-based and means-tested transfer programs combined with tax systems that usually feature very little jointness. Second, we consider the labour supply distortion on secondary earners relative to primary earners implied by the current tax-transfer systems, and study the welfare effects of small reforms that change the relative taxation of spouses. By adopting a small-reform methodology, it is possible to set out a simple analysis based on more realistic labour supply models than those considered in the existing literature. We present microsimulations showing that simple revenue-neutral reforms that lower the tax burden on secondary earners are associated with substantial welfare gains in most countries. Finally, we consider the tax-transfer implications of marriage and estimate the so-called marriage penalty. For most countries, we find large marriage penalties at the bottom of the distribution driven primarily by features of the transfer system. Ce document présente une évaluation des régimes d’imposition et de transfert des couples mariés dans 15 pays de l’UE à l’aide du micro-modèle de simulation EUROMOD. Nous montrons tout d’abord qu’en Europe, de nombreux régimes d’imposition et de transfert font ressortir des caractéristiques négatives résultant de l’imposition conjointe, dans la mesure où le taux d’imposition appliqué à un contribuable dépend des gains du conjoint, ce qui est désavantageux pour lui. Cette observation va à l’encontre des études consacrées précédemment à cette question, qui faisaient ressortir les aspects positifs de l’imposition conjointe. Les effets négatifs de l’imposition conjointe des revenus tiennent au fait que les programmes de transfert sont modulés en fonction des charges de famille et subordonnées à des critères de ressources, conjugués aux effets de régimes fiscaux qui, d’ordinaire font très peu de place à l’imposition conjointe. Deuxièmement, nous considérons l’effet de distorsion exercé sur l’offre de main-d’oeuvre dû au fait que les seconds apporteurs de revenu sont pénalisés par rapport aux premiers apporteurs de revenu par les systèmes actuels d’imposition-de transfert, et étudions les effets sur le bien-être de réformes de portée restreinte modifiant la fiscalité relative applicable aux conjoints. L’adoption d’une méthode préconisant une réforme de portée restreinte, permet de faire apparaître une analyse simple, fondée sur des modèles plus réalistes de l’offre de main-d’oeuvre que ceux qui sont pris en compte dans les travaux actuels. Nous présentons des micro-simulations montrant que de simples réformes, neutres en termes de recettes, qui permettent d’abaisser le poids de la fiscalité applicable aux seconds apporteurs de revenu, entraînent des hausses substantielles de bien-être dans la plupart des pays. Enfin, nous considérons les répercussions du mariage sur le régime d’imposition-de transfert et procédons à l’estimation de ce que l’on appelle la pénalisation du mariage. Dans la plupart des pays, nous observons que cette pénalisation est forte au bas de l’échelle de distribution des revenus et s’explique essentiellement par des caractéristiques du système de transfert.

Suggested Citation

  • Herwig Immervoll & Henrik Jacobsen Kleven & Claus Thustrup Kreiner & Nicolaj Verdelin, 2009. "An Evaluation of the Tax-Transfer Treatment of Married Couples in European Countries," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 76, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:76-en
    DOI: 10.1787/227200406151
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    3. European Commission, 2011. "Tax Reforms in EU Member States 2011: tax policy challenges for economic growth and fiscal sustainability," Taxation Papers 28, Directorate General Taxation and Customs Union, European Commission.
    4. Olivier Bargain & Mathias Dolls & Dirk Neumann & Andreas Peichl & Sebastian Siegloch, 2011. "Tax-Benefit Systems in Europe and the US: Between Equity and Efficiency," CESifo Working Paper Series 3534, CESifo.
    5. Tibor Paul Hanappi & Sandra Müllbacher, 2016. "Tax incentives and family labor supply in Austria," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 14(4), pages 961-987, December.
    6. Matthias Fahn & Ray Rees, 2011. "Household Relational Contracts for Marriage, Fertility and Divorce," CESifo Working Paper Series 3655, CESifo.
    7. Bartels, Charlotte & Pestel, Nico, 2016. "Short- and long-term participation tax rates and their impact on labor supply," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 23(6), pages 1126-1159.
    8. Fahn, Matthias, 2011. "Three Essays on Commitment and Information Problems," Munich Dissertations in Economics 13750, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    9. Bachmann, Ronald & Bechara, Peggy & Cim, Merve & Kramer, Anica, 2018. "Working women and labour market inequality. Research project for the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies: Final report - July 2018," RWI Projektberichte, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, number 195939.
    10. Nora Lustig, 2020. "Inequality and Social Policy in Latin America," Working Papers 2011, Tulane University, Department of Economics.
    11. Bartels, Charlotte & Pestel, Nico, 2015. "The Impact of Short- and Long-Term Participation Tax Rates on Labor Supply," IZA Discussion Papers 9151, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    12. Cindy Veiga, 2021. "Incitations financières à travailler au Luxembourg," BCL Bulletin Analyses, Central Bank of Luxembourg, vol. 2021, pages 91-120.
    13. Immervoll, Herwig & Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen & Kreiner, Claus Thustrup & Verdelin, Nicolaj, 2011. "Optimal tax and transfer programs for couples with extensive labor supply responses," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(11), pages 1485-1500.
    14. Bartels, Charlotte, 2012. "Long-term participation tax rates," Discussion Papers 2012/20, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
    15. Stefan Bach & Peter Haan & Richard Ochmann, 2013. "Taxation of Married Couples in Germany and the UK: One-Earner Couples Make the Difference," International Journal of Microsimulation, International Microsimulation Association, vol. 6(3), pages 3-24.
    16. Bönke, Timm & Eichfelder, Sebastian & Utz, Stephen, 2012. "Uneven treatment of family life? Horizontal equity in the U.S. tax and transfer system," Discussion Papers 2012/18, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
    17. Bofinger, Peter & Buch, Claudia M. & Feld, Lars P. & Schmidt, Christoph M. & Wieland, Volker, 2013. "Gegen eine rückwärtsgewandte Wirtschaftspolitik. Jahresgutachten 2013/14 [Against a backward-looking economic policy. Annual Report 2013/14]," Annual Economic Reports / Jahresgutachten, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, volume 127, number 201314, February.
    18. Michaël Sicsic, 2018. "Financial Incentives to Work in France between 1998 and 2014," Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE), issue 503-504, pages 13-35.
    19. Eichhorst, Werner & Thode, Eric, 2009. "Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf: Wie konsistent sind die Reformen?," IZA Discussion Papers 4294, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    20. Eichhorst, Werner & Thode, Eric, 2010. "Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf 2010," IZA Research Reports 30, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

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