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Determinants of Female Entrepreneurship in India

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  • Arnaud Daymard

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper examines the nature and determinants of female entrepreneurship in India based on survey data. The first part assesses basic characteristics of female entrepreneurship in India, while the subsequent sections analyse key determinants of female entrepreneurship based on the literature, and test their importance at the state level in India with the support of regressions on panel-data. It also reviews existing policies bearing on female entrepreneurship and makes recommendations for further policies in this area. Entrepreneurship can create new economic opportunities for women and contribute to overall growth and exit from poverty. The potential flexibility in time use from entrepreneurship can also facilitate balancing work and family obligations for women. However, entrepreneurs, both male and female, are relatively scarce in India compared to peer countries, and tend to work in small units often outside the formal sector. While many of the barriers to entrepreneurship are common to both genders (access to capital and business networks, adequate training and facilities) female entrepreneurs face gender biases stemming from socio-economic factors or specific biases in laws such as inheritance laws. Les déterminants de l'entreprenariat féminin en Inde Ce document examine la nature et les déterminants de l'entrepreneuriat féminin en Inde à partir des données de l'enquête. La première partie évalue les caractéristiques de base de l'entrepreneuriat féminin en Inde, tandis que les sections suivantes analysent les principaux déterminants de l'entrepreneuriat féminin basé sur la littérature, et de tester leur importance au niveau de l'État en Inde avec le soutien de régressions sur données de panel. Il examine également les politiques existantes portant sur l'entrepreneuriat féminin et fait des recommandations pour de nouvelles politiques dans ce domaine. L’entreprenariat peut offrir de nouveaux débouchés économiques aux femmes et contribuer à la croissance globale et à la sortie de la pauvreté. La marge de souplesse dans l’utilisation du temps qu’offre l’entreprenariat peut également permettre de mieux concilier les obligations professionnelles et familiales des femmes. Toutefois, qu’ils soient hommes ou femmes, les entrepreneurs sont relativement rares en Inde par rapport à d’autres pays comparables, et ont tendance à travailler dans de petites entreprises souvent situées en dehors de l’économie formelle. Qu’il s’agisse du nombre d’entreprises en phase de démarrage ou du nombre d’entreprises nouvellement créées, l’Inde affiche des chiffres relativement faibles et en stagnation par rapport aux autres BRICS. Si bon nombre des obstacles à la création d’entreprise sont communs aux deux sexes (accès aux financements et aux réseaux économiques, formation adéquate, locaux), les femmes entrepreneurs se heurtent à des préjugés sexistes qui trouvent leur origine dans des facteurs socioéconomiques ou dans certains partis consacrés par le droit, notamment par le droit de l’héritage.

Suggested Citation

  • Arnaud Daymard, 2015. "Determinants of Female Entrepreneurship in India," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1191, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1191-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5js4rfh5gtbq-en
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Shiney Chakraborty & Priyanka Chatterjee, 2021. "Women Entrepreneurs in India: Where Do They Stand?," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 64(4), pages 1069-1092, December.
    2. Dorji, Lham, 2018. "Women-owned micro and small enterprises in Bhutan : what major obstacles impede their growth and innovation?," IDE Discussion Papers 719, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    3. Pedro Bento, 2020. "Female Entrepreneurship in the U.S. 1982 - 2012: Implications for Welfare and Aggregate Output," Working Papers 20201201-001, Texas A&M University, Department of Economics.
    4. Cassandra E DiRienzo & Jayoti Das, 2021. "Formal Female Entrepreneurship and the Shadow Economy," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 13(5), pages 63-72.
    5. Shruti Shuvam & Pratap C. Mohanty, 2023. "Necessity or Opportunity Driven: Gender Differentials and Structural Changes of Proprietorship in the Indian Unorganized Enterprises," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 24(2), pages 295-316, April.
    6. Amit Singh Khokhar, 2019. "What Decides Women Entrepreneurship in India?," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 5(2), pages 180-197, July.
    7. Roy, Chandan & Chatterjee, Susmita, 2018. "Gender and entrepreneurship in India: a right based perspective & ground reality," MPRA Paper 106783, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Zavodny Pospisil Jan & Zavodna Lucie Sara, 2022. "An Insight to the World of Female Entrepreneurship: Systematic Literature Review of the Phenomenon using the Mckinsey 7S Model," Foundations of Management, Sciendo, vol. 14(1), pages 51-66, January.
    9. Tirivangasi H M, 2018. "Fostering Entrepreneurship Education among Women and Girls in South Africa: Destroying the Gendered and Encultured Patriachies," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 9(6), pages 227-236.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    entreprenariat féminin; female economic participation; female entrepreneurship; gender; gender equality; Inde; India; participation économique des femmes; égalité des sexes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J46 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Informal Labor Market
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • J82 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Labor Force Composition
    • J83 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Workers' Rights

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