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Economia Política de Petróleo e Gás: A Experiência Russa

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  • Giorgio Romano Schutte

Abstract

A recuperação do poder central da Rússia no governo Putin com uma estratégia de desenvolvimento nacional foi o ponto de partida para uma revisão da política do Estado diante do setor de energia. O governo aumentou drasticamente a presença do Estado no setor de energia, e chegou a controlar, no final de 2007, 47% dos ativos, contra menos de 10% em 2000, quando Putin chegara à presidência. O objetivo central nunca foi, porém, expurgar a iniciativa privada dos negócios, mas reconquistar o controle estatal nos setores estratégicos. A política de controle majoritário nacional está inserida no contexto de uma estratégia de desenvolvimento e de uma política industrial que visa criar campeãs nacionais. Esse processo de renacionalização parcial passou também por um novo patamar de relacionamento com as empresas estrangeiras. Entre agosto de 1998 e setembro de 2008, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) real da Rússia dobrou. O crescimento econômico veio acompanhado de aumento da produtividade e dos salários reais e diminuição do desemprego e da pobreza. Mesmo assim, a Rússia foi um dos países mais atingidos pela crise financeira global, o que evidenciou dois problemas a serem superados. Em primeiro lugar a predominância das atividades extrativas e, em segundo, o pouco desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro nacional, que provocou uma dependência muito grande com relação à entrada de capitais de curto prazo. Ambos expõem o desafio de modernização e inovação da economia russa, e isso exige desenvolver mecanismos para promover uma irradiação das rendas extraordinárias do setor de energia para os demais setores da economia. The recovery of Russia`s center of power through a national development strategy during the Putin administration was the basis for revising the state`s energy-sector policy. The government drastically increased the role of the state in the energy sector, raising state control over the sector`s assets to as much as 47% in late 2007, up from less than 10% in 2000, when Putin took office. The core objective, however, was never to purge the private sector from this business, but rather to regain state control over strategic sectors. The policy of keeping majority control in national hands is part of a context involving a development strategy and also an industrial policy aimed at creating national champions. This policy of partial re-nationalization also implied new standards in relations with foreign companies. From August 1998 to September 2008, Russia`s real GDP doubled in size. Economic growth was accompanied by gains in productivity and real wages, as well as lower unemployment and poverty levels. Even so, Russia was one of the countries hardest hit by the global financial crisis, thus revealing two outstanding problems: first of all, the pre-eminence of extractive activities and, second, the under-developed national financial system, which provoked a high degree of dependence on the entry of short-term capital. Both factors raise the challenge of modernization and innovation for the Russian economy, and will require the development of mechanisms to promote a greater spread effect from energy to other sectors of the economy. i. The versions in English of the abstracts of this series have not been edited by Ipea`s editorial department. As versões em língua inglesa das sinopses (abstracts) desta coleção não são objeto de revisão do Editorial do Ipea.

Suggested Citation

  • Giorgio Romano Schutte, 2010. "Economia Política de Petróleo e Gás: A Experiência Russa," Discussion Papers 1474, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1474
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    1. World Bank, 2005. "Russian Federation : From Transition to Development, A Country Economic Memorandum for the Russian Federation," World Bank Publications - Reports 8628, The World Bank Group.
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