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Distributional Effects of Optimal Commodity Taxes Combined with Minimum Income Programs in Brazil

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  • Ana Luiza N. H. Barbosa
  • Eduardo P. S. Fiuza
  • Marcel Scharth
  • Seki Asano

Abstract

Commodity taxes play an important role in Brazil and raise around 60% of the total tax revenue. This heavy reliance renders commodity taxation one of the main tools available to the government for collecting revenue and securing redistribution. In fact, Brazilian income inequity is one of the highest in the world: the wealthiest 1% of population, equivalent to 1.6 million people, earn together as much as the 50% poorest, around 80 million. The purpose of this paper is a partial equilibrium numerical micro-simulation of the distributional effects of optimal commodity taxation combined with minimum income transfers made by the government to households. The approach used to measure households welfare is a money metric indirect utility or equivalent income [King (1983)], obtained from an Almost Ideal Demand System set of parameter estimates. We plug it into the equivalent variation formula to evaluate the equity effects specified in terms of the equivalent income. The data source is a 1995-1996 national household expenditure survey, though estimated parameters come from a sample comprising a 1987-1988 wave as well. We find that our proposed minimum income programs combined with selectiveness in commodity tax structure would be useful as redistribution income instrument among households in Brazil. These results can provide some valuable contribution in the context of the increasing discussion about minimum income programs in Brazil associated with demographic characteristics such as education and family size. Impostos sobre o consumo têm um importante papel no Brasil e arrecadam cerca de 60% da receita tributária total. Essa forte dependência faz com que a tributação sobre o consumo seja um dos principais instrumentos distributivos e de arrecadação do governo na receita tributária. De fato, a desigualdade de renda brasileira é uma das mais altas do mundo: o 1% mais rico da população (o equivalente a 1,6 milhão de pessoas) ganha uma renda igual à dos 50% mais pobres; estes últimos representam cerca de 80 milhões de pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma simulação dos efeitos distributivos da tributação ótima sobre o consumo associada a programas de transferência de renda mínima feitos pelo governo. O arcabouço utilizado para medir o bem-estar dos agentes econômicos é a money metric indirect utility ou renda equivalente [King (1983)], com base nos parâmetros do sistema de demanda quase ideal (Almost Ideal Demand System). Nós adotamos a medida de variação equivalente, especificada em termos de renda equivalente, para avaliar os efeitos de eqüidade. A fonte de dados deste estudo é obtida na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) do período de 1995-1996, embora a estimação dos parâmetros de demanda também tenha como base a POF de 1987-1988. Os resultados mostram que os programas de renda mínima, combinados com seletividade na estrutura de tributação sobre o consumo, podem ser muito úteis como instrumentos de redistribuição de renda no Brasil. Os resultados apresentados podem ser de valiosa contribuição, principalmente no contexto da crescente discussão sobre programas de renda mínima no Brasil associados com características demográficas, tais como educação e estrutura familiar.

Suggested Citation

  • Ana Luiza N. H. Barbosa & Eduardo P. S. Fiuza & Marcel Scharth & Seki Asano, 2015. "Distributional Effects of Optimal Commodity Taxes Combined with Minimum Income Programs in Brazil," Discussion Papers 0125, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0125
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Sah, Raaj Kumar, 1983. "How much redistribution is possible through commodity taxes?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 89-101, February.
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