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Automobile Demand and Supply in Brazil: Effects of Tax Rebates and Trade Liberalization on Price-marginal Cost Markups in the 1990s

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  • Eduardo P. S. Fiuza

Abstract

This work is a pioneer effort to estimate supply and demand of automobiles in Brazil with a Discrete Choice model in a differentiated product oligopolistic market. We apply a Nested Logit model to the demand side and assume differentiated product price-setting firms on the supply side to evaluate the severe transformations undergone by the Brazilian automobile industry in the 1990s, especially policy events such as the tax rebates created for the so-called popular models (introduced in 1993) and the trade liberalization (initiated in 1991 and partially reversed in 1995 under the so-called Automotive Regime). We find that, although domestic cars still enjoyed considerably higher price-marginal cost markup rates than their imported counterparts (net of VATs and duties) in all market segments at the end of our sample (1997), these rates had dropped drastically and permanently during the 1995 import boom, not only because of import, but also from fiercer domestic competition. A perhaps striking finding is that, as opposed to what was verified in studies for other countries, popular and compacts enjoy the highest price-marginal cost markup rates, as they are significantly less threatened by imported competitors than the larger and luxurious models. These rates do not translate into higher pricecost margins in money units, but due to their high sales volumes these models account for great shares of the firms’ profits. Este trabalho é um esforço pioneiro para a estimação da oferta e da demanda de automóveis no Brasil com um modelo de Escolha Discreta em um mercado oligopolístico com produtos diferenciados. Nós aplicamos uma modelagem econométrica de logit hierárquico (Nested Logit) para o lado da demanda, e adotamos a hipótese de firmas fixadoras de preços com múltiplos produtos diferenciados no lado da oferta, para avaliar as profundas transformações ocorridas na indústria automotiva brasileira nos anos 1990, especialmente a adoção de políticas como os incentivos fiscais para os chamados carros populares (introduzidos em 1993) e a liberalização comercial (iniciada em 1991 e revertida parcialmente sob o chamado regime automotivo). Nós constatamos que, embora os carros nacionais ainda auferissem taxas consideravelmente altas de markup em relação aos seus similares importados (líquidas de impostos sobre valor agregado e tarifas) em todos os segmentos de mercado no final da nossa amostra (1997), essas taxas tiveram uma queda drástica e permanente durante o boom de importações de 1995, não apenas por causa dessas importações, mas também em virtude da competição doméstica mais acirrada. Uma constatação, talvez surpreendente, é que, ao contrário do verificado em estudos em outros países, os carros populares e compactos têm as maiores taxas de markup, na medida em que são muito menos ameaçados pela competição estrangeira do que os carros grandes e de luxo. Essas taxas não se traduzem em margens preçocusto mais altas também em unidades monetárias, mas, devido ao grande volume de vendas, esses modelos correspondem a grandes percentagens dos lucros das firmas.

Suggested Citation

  • Eduardo P. S. Fiuza, 2015. "Automobile Demand and Supply in Brazil: Effects of Tax Rebates and Trade Liberalization on Price-marginal Cost Markups in the 1990s," Discussion Papers 0119, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0119
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    References listed on IDEAS

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