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Two classical decompositions of the Gini index by income sources: interpretation of contribution terms

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  • Ivica Urban

    (Institute of Public Finance, Zagreb)

Abstract

Natural Gini decomposition (Rao, V. M., 1969, J R Stat Soc Ser A, 132:418–425) and marginal Gini decomposition (Lerman, R. I., and Yitzhaki, S., 1985, Rev Econ Stat 67:151–156) are the most popular and widely used methods to reveal the contributions of various income sources to total income inequality. Their acceptance and highly spread empirical application have persisted in the face of criticism of the former method. This paper aims to “liberate†the natural Gini decomposition from two major critiques: that the method should be abolished because a uniformly distributed income source obtains zero contribution and that contribution terms lack a meaningful interpretation. Regarding the latter critique, it is shown that the contribution of a certain income source expresses inequality reduction due to the replacement of this source by a marginal uniformly distributed counterfactual income. Concerning the former critique, the argument is as follows: natural Gini decomposition belongs to the absolute inequality view, which commands that equal additions of income leave inequality unchanged. In this sense, it is perfectly normal that the natural Gini decomposition obtains zero contribution of the uniformly distributed income.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivica Urban, 2022. "Two classical decompositions of the Gini index by income sources: interpretation of contribution terms," Working Papers 618, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
    • Handle: RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2022-618
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    File URL: http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2022-618.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Abdelkrim Araar, 2006. "On the Decomposition of the Gini Coefficient: an Exact Approach, with an Illustration Using Cameroonian Data," Cahiers de recherche 0602, CIRPEE.
    2. Atkinson, Anthony B., 1970. "On the measurement of inequality," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 244-263, September.
    3. Lerman, Robert I & Yitzhaki, Shlomo, 1985. "Income Inequality Effects by Income," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 67(1), pages 151-156, February.
    4. Anthony B. Atkinson & Andrea Brandolini, 2010. "On Analyzing the World Distribution of Income," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 24(1), pages 1-37, January.
    5. Yunbo Zhou, 2009. "The factors that impact income inequality of rural residents in China: Decomposing the Gini coefficient from income components," Frontiers of Economics in China, Springer;Higher Education Press, vol. 4(4), pages 617-632, December.
    6. Robert I. Lerman & Shlomo Yitzhaki, 1994. "Effect of Marginal Changes in Income Sources On U.S. Income Inequality," Public Finance Review, , vol. 22(4), pages 403-417, October.
    7. Rolf Aaberge & Audun Langørgen, 2006. "Measuring The Benefits From Public Services: The Effects Of Local Government Spending On The Distribution Of Income In Norway," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 52(1), pages 61-83, March.
    8. Rozelle Scott, 1994. "Rural Industrialization and Increasing Inequality: Emerging Patterns in China's Reforming Economy," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 362-391, December.
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    1. Mercado, Rogelio & Park, Cyn-Young & Zhuang, Juzhong, 2024. "Trends and drivers of income inequality in the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam since the early 2000s: A decomposition analysis," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    decomposition; income inequality; income sources; Gini index;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D33 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Factor Income Distribution
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • H22 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Incidence
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

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