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Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019

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  • Oscar Barrera

    (WIL - World Inequality Lab, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement)

  • Ana Leiva

    (UiO - University of Oslo)

  • Clara Martínez-Toledano

    (WIL - World Inequality Lab, Imperial College London)

  • Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero

    (WIL - World Inequality Lab, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement)

Abstract

This paper combines electoral surveys to analyze the transformation of the structure of political cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico and Peru over the last decades. We document that Latin American countries are characterized by personalist leaderships (e.g., Fujimori in Peru, Uribe in Colombia) and important historical cleavages (e.g., anti vs. pro-PLN in Costa Rica) that blur class-based voting patterns and have led in some cases to the emergence of competing pro-poor and ethnic-based competing coalitions (e.g., PRN-PLN in Costa Rica, Fujimori-Humala in Peru) over the last decades. The party systems of Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru have thus generated volatile political socioeconomic cleavages, while in the more institutionalized party systems of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico they have been less volatile.

Suggested Citation

  • Oscar Barrera & Ana Leiva & Clara Martínez-Toledano & Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero, 2021. "Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019," Working Papers halshs-03215948, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03215948
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03215948
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    1. Martínez, Juliana & Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego, 2017. "How did Costa Rica achieve social and market incorporation?," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), April.
    2. Claudio Bonilla & Ryan Carlin & Gregory Love & Ernesto Silva Méndez, 2011. "Social or political cleavages? A spatial analysis of the party system in post-authoritarian Chile," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 146(1), pages 9-21, January.
    3. Oscar Barrera & Ana Leiva & Clara Martínez-Toledano & Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero, 2021. "Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019," World Inequality Lab Working Papers halshs-03215948, HAL.
    4. Carlos Bazdresch & Santiago Levy, 1991. "Populism and Economic Policy in Mexico, 1970-1982," NBER Chapters, in: The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America, pages 223-262, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Ignacio Flores & Claudia Sanhueza & Jorge Atria & Ricardo Mayer, 2020. "Top Incomes in Chile: A Historical Perspective on Income Inequality, 1964–2017," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 66(4), pages 850-874, December.
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    1. Oscar Barrera & Ana Leiva & Clara Martínez-Toledano & Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero, 2021. "Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019," World Inequality Lab Working Papers halshs-03215948, HAL.

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