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Expérimentations. Expériences randomisées en économie du développement et conventions

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  • Judith Favereau

    (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Depuis une dizaine d̓années, l̓économie traverse une « révolution empirique » (Angrist et Pischke, 2010). Cette révolution a largement été insufflée par l̓utilisation des expériences randomisées de terrain (ERT) en économie du développement. L̓utilisation de telles expériences en économie du développement a été institutionnalisée par Banerjee et Duflo en 2003 au Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) par la création du Jameel Abdul Latif Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Le J-PAL se donne deux objectifs : (1) produire des preuves à l̓aide d̓expériences randomisées, et (2) utiliser ces preuves afin de guider les décisions politiques des pays en développement. Banerjee et Duflo promeuvent l̓utilisation systématique des ERT, considérées comme le gold standard 1 méthodologique car offrant des résultats fiables, afin, selon eux, de déterminer à l̓appui de preuves ce qui est efficace pour lutter contre la pauvreté et ce, indépendamment de la théorie (les expériences doivent faire émerger la théorie et non l̓inverse) 2. Cette ambition a deux implications immédiates : reléguer au second plan plus de soixante ans de théories économiques du développement en se centrant sur une échelle locale et donc négliger les dimensions institutionnelles et macrosociales de la pauvreté. L̓unique utilisation des ERTs ne permet, en effet, pas d̓évaluer l̓impact de transformations institutionnelles. Banerjee et Duflo offrent une véritable diatribe contre ce qu̓ils appellent l̓« économie politique », principalement caractérisée, selon eux, par les travaux d̓Acemoglu et Robinson. Ils affirment que c̓est par l̓accumulation de changements à la marge (qui auront prouvé leurs efficacités) que la lutte contre la pauvreté aboutira à une « révolution douce ». L̓accent est alors porté sur le comportement des pauvres et leurs prises de décisions, et ce à une échelle locale. Dans leur dernier livre Banerjee et Duflo (2011) souhaitent présenter un panorama des résultats obtenus à travers les ERTs. Ce qui tend à unifier ces résultats, qui semblent parfois éclatés, est le fait que les 1 Ces expériences tirent leur statut de gold standard méthodologique en matière d̓évaluation, par le fait qu̓elles permettent d̓annuler un certain nombre de biais statistiques en allouant le programme que l̓on souhaite évaluer de façon aléatoire entre deux groupes : le groupe de traitement (qui bénéficie du programme) et le groupe de contrôle (qui ne bénéficie pas du programme). 2 Voir, par exemple, Banerjee (2005).

Suggested Citation

  • Judith Favereau, 2016. "Expérimentations. Expériences randomisées en économie du développement et conventions," Post-Print hal-02092628, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02092628
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-02092628
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Joshua D. Angrist & Jörn-Steffen Pischke, 2010. "The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design Is Taking the Con out of Econometrics," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 24(2), pages 3-30, Spring.
    2. Tversky, Amos & Kahneman, Daniel, 1986. "Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 59(4), pages 251-278, October.
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