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Quelles politiques publiques pour la filière hydrogène? Les enseignements tirés du cas des bus urbains

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  • Guy Meunier
  • Jean-Pierre Ponssard

    (X - École polytechnique)

Abstract

Résumé : La filière hydrogène est une alternative possible au moteur thermique, aux côtés des véhicules à batterie, dans la perspective de réduire les émissions de gaz à effets de serre associées aux activités de transport. Les coûts associés aux véhicules à hydrogène sont actuellement élevés, même au regard des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants évitées par leur utilisation. Une diminution des coûts associés aux véhicules à hydrogène, déterminant de leur désirabilité sociale et environnementale, se heurte pourtant à des difficultés de deux ordres. D'une part un coût de recharge élevé, où le problème de la coordination entre développement de la flotte de véhicules et infrastructure de recharge est crucial. D'autre part, des prix d'achat élevés, susceptibles de diminuer grâce à des quantités suffisantes générant des effets d'expérience.Cette note argumente que chacun de ces deux handicaps appellent une politique publique structurée à un niveau spécifique : un niveau local pour la coordination entre acteurs, et un niveau européen pour générer des volumes suffisants. L'exemple des bus urbains à hydrogène offre une illustration parlante de ces problématiques. Points clés : La montée en puissance de la filière hydrogène est encouragée par diverses initiatives en France. Ces initiatives reposent sur la notion d'écosystème régional : autour d'une ville, d'une communauté de collectivités locales, voire d'un département ou d'une région. L'exemple des bus à hydrogène montre que les coûts d'abattements induits par cette technologie sont encore trop élevés. Le problème réside à la fois dans le prix des véhicules et dans la fourniture du combustible. Faire diminuer les coûts associés à la fourniture du combustible nécessite la résolution de problèmes de coordination liés aux effets de réseau, ce qui appelle une réponse au niveau local. Atteindre des prix d'achats de véhicules suffisamment bas pour être compétitifs nécessite une approche européenne, qui seule permet d'atteindre un niveau significatif de volumes.

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  • Guy Meunier & Jean-Pierre Ponssard, 2020. "Quelles politiques publiques pour la filière hydrogène? Les enseignements tirés du cas des bus urbains," Institut des Politiques Publiques halshs-03019417, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:ipppap:halshs-03019417
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03019417
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