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Small Business Lending Under the PPP and PPPLF Programs

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  • Jose A. Lopez
  • Mark M. Spiegel

Abstract

We examine the effects of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and the PPP Liquidity Facility (PPPLF) on small business lending. The PPP was launched under the CARES Act of March 2020 to provide support for small businesses under the COVID-19 pandemic, while the PPPLF was an affiliated program administered by the Federal Reserve to facilitate the maintenance of liquidity among banks participating in the PPP. We use Call Report data to examine the contributions of these two programs on small business and farm lending by individual commercial banks in the United States. As participation in the programs was associated with lending to small businesses directly, we use an instrumental variables (IV) approach to identify a causal effect of the programs on lending based on historical bank relationships with the Small Business Administration that administered the PPP. Our results suggest that both the PPP and the PPPLF had a marked positive effect on growth in small business and farm lending over the first half of 2020. However, while the PPP seemed to encourage greater lending growth by banks of all asset sizes, only small- and medium-sized bank lending was significantly influenced by participation in the PPPLF. We also find that while both programs had significant positive effects on small business lending, they did not influence small loans to farms over this period, which is likely due to a structural feature of the PPP. Finally, while participation in both programs increased bank balance sheets, we find that risk-adjusted bank capital ratios actually improved with PPP and PPPLF participation.

Suggested Citation

  • Jose A. Lopez & Mark M. Spiegel, 2021. "Small Business Lending Under the PPP and PPPLF Programs," Working Paper Series 2021-10, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedfwp:91220
    DOI: 10.24148/wp2021-10
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    as
    1. Glenn Hubbard & Michael R. Strain, 2020. "Has the Paycheck Protection Program Succeeded?," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 51(3 (Fall)), pages 335-390.
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    11. Sriya Anbil & Mark A. Carlson & Mary-Frances Styczynski, 2021. "The Effect of the PPPLF on PPP Lending by Commercial Banks," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-030, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
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    22. repec:aei:rpaper:1008582843 is not listed on IDEAS
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Aizenman, Joshua & Jinjarak, Yothin & Spiegel, Mark M., 2023. "Fiscal capacity and commercial bank lending under COVID-19," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    2. Harasztosi, Péter & Maurin, Laurent & Pál, Rozália & Revoltella, Debora & van der Wielen, Wouter, 2022. "Firm-level policy support during the crisis: So far, so good?," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 30-48.
    3. Berger, Allen N. & Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, 2021. "Banking research in the time of COVID-19," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    4. Allen N. Berger & Maryann P. Feldman & W. Scott Langford & Raluca Roman, 2023. ""Let Us Put Our Moneys Together": Minority-Owned Banks and Resilience to Crises," Working Papers 23-13, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    5. Joshua Aizenman & Yothin Jinjarak & Mark M. Spiegel, 2022. "Fiscal Stimulus and Commercial Bank Lending Under COVID-19," Working Paper Series 2022-04, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    6. Marsh, W. Blake & Sharma, Padma, 2024. "Loan guarantees in a crisis: An antidote to a credit crunch?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    7. Spiegel, Mark M., 2022. "Monetary policy spillovers under COVID-19: Evidence from lending by U.S. foreign bank subsidiaries," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    8. Desi Volker, 2021. "COVID Response: The Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility," Staff Reports 978, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    9. Anbil, Sriya & Carlson, Mark & Styczynski, Mary-Frances, 2023. "The effect of the Federal Reserve’s lending facility on PPP lending by commercial banks," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    10. Stefano Filomeni, 2024. "The impact of the Paycheck Protection Program on the risk-taking behaviour of US banks," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 1329-1353, May.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Covid-19;

    JEL classification:

    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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