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La crisis eléctrica de 1998-1999: causas, consecuencias y lecciones

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  • Carlos Díaz
  • Alexander Galetovic
  • Raimundo Soto

Abstract

Este trabajo analiza la crisis eléctrica de 1998-1999. Su principal conclusión es que el diagnóstico habitual que sostiene que ocurrió porque las empresas no invirtieron y el regulador no tenía atribuciones, es equivocado. A pesar de la peor sequía del siglo y de la falla de la central Nehuenco, los cortes de energía y el déficit agregado de 450 GWh se podrían haber evitado si el agua embalsada se hubiese manejado eficientemente, o bien los reguladores hubiesen usado sus atribuciones para hacer funcionar el sistema de precios, o si el ejecutivo no hubiese temido afectar su imagen decretando racionamiento apenas las condiciones lo exigieran. Argumentamos que la variabilidad hidrológica a la que está sujeta Chile central hace inevitable las reducciones de consumo en años muy secos. Las crisis ocurren porque el sistema de precios es inflexible e inadecuado para acomodarlas sin cortes de energía; ante una escasez tanto usuarios como empresas enfrentan precios muy por debajo del costo de oportunidad de la energía. Esto, además, introduce un problema de moral hazard que incentiva el uso ineficiente del agua embalsada y hace más probable que ocurra una escasez. Es equivocado pensar que las crisis se evitarían dándole más atribuciones discrecionales al regulador. Varios episodios muestran que no usó las atribuciones que tenía. Al ejecutivo le incomoda zanjar conflictos entre privados porque sus intervenciones tienen consecuencias patrimoniales que lo dejan vulnerable a las críticas de quienes se sienten perjudicados. Por ello se debe liberar al regulador de la obligación de zanjar conflictos entre privados. Esto requiere liberalizar la regulación.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos Díaz & Alexander Galetovic & Raimundo Soto, 2000. "La crisis eléctrica de 1998-1999: causas, consecuencias y lecciones," Documentos de Trabajo 81, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile.
  • Handle: RePEc:edj:ceauch:81
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Federico Basañes & Eduardo Saavedra & Raimundo Soto, "undated". "Post-Privatization Renegotiations and Disputes in Chile," ILADES-UAH Working Papers inv117, Universidad Alberto Hurtado/School of Economics and Business.
    2. Nesbakken, Runa, 1999. "Price sensitivity of residential energy consumption in Norway," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(6), pages 493-515, December.
    3. Serra, Pablo J., 1997. "Energy pricing under uncertain supply," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 209-223, May.
    4. Serra, Pablo & Fierro, Gabriel, 1997. "Outage costs in Chilean industry," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 417-434, October.
    5. Carlos Díaz & Alexander Galetovic & Raimundo Soto, "undated". "Anatomía de una Crísis Eléctrica," ILADES-UAH Working Papers inv122, Universidad Alberto Hurtado/School of Economics and Business.
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    Cited by:

    1. Galetovic, Alexander & Muñoz, Cristián M., 2011. "Regulated electricity retailing in Chile," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 6453-6465, October.
    2. Claudio Agostini & Cecilia Plottier & Eduardo Saavedra, 2009. "La Demanda Residencial por Energía Eléctrica en Chile," ILADES-UAH Working Papers inv240, Universidad Alberto Hurtado/School of Economics and Business.
    3. Hugh Rudnick & Juan-Pablo Montero, 2002. "Second Generation Electricity Reforms in Latin America and the California Paradigm," Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 2(1), pages 159-172, June.

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