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Kassenwechsel in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung: welche Rolle spielt der Beitragssatz?

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  • Johannes Schwarze
  • Hanfried H. Andersen

Abstract

It is currently intensively discussed whether the system of risk structure adjustment (RSA) among German statutory sickness funds should be supplemented by morbidity indicators. It has been showed that employees who change their sickness funds are better risks and thus shift the morbidity structure in advantage to the funds they change to. Using data drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) we analyze why German employees change their sickness fund. We find that the contribution rate is the most important determinant. A one percent change in the contribution rate will increase the probability of change by four percent. The probability is also positively effected by earnings up to the assessable income limit but decreasing with age. Regarding to the RSA debate the results are not clear: While the extent of utilization of the stationary medical care system has a negative impact on the probability of changing we find a positive effect of ambulant utilization. Thus, it is not clear whether changers are the better risks. Die aktuelle Diskussion über den Risikostrukturausgleich (RSA) zwischen den Gesetzlichen Krankenkassen konzentriert sich auf die Frage, ob zusätzlich Morbiditätsmerkmale berücksichtigt werden sollen. Vorliegende Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Kassenwechsler im Durchschnitt bessere Risiken sind. In diesem Beitrag werden die Determinanten des Kassenwechsels mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Beitragssatz die entscheidende Determinante ist. Eine Steigerung des Beitragssatzes um einen Prozentpunkt erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Wechsels im Durchschnitt um 4 Prozentpunkte. Einen positiven Einfluss auf die Wechselwahrscheinlichkeit hat auch das Erwerbseinkommen, allerdings nur bis zur Höhe der Beitragsbemessungsgrenze. Ältere Menschen wechseln hingegen weniger häufig die Krankenkasse. Im Hinblick auf die Inanspruchnahme von Leistungen des Gesundheitssystems sind die Ergebnisse nicht eindeutig: Während mit steigender stationärer Inanspruchnahme die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Kassenwechsels abnimmt, zeigt sich für die ambulante Inanspruchnahme ein positiver Einfluss.

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  • Johannes Schwarze & Hanfried H. Andersen, 2001. "Kassenwechsel in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung: welche Rolle spielt der Beitragssatz?," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 267, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp267
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    1. Friedrich Breyer & Mathias Kifmann, 2001. "Optionen der Weiterentwicklung des Risikostrukturausgleichs in der GKV," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 236, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
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    Cited by:

    1. Pilny, Adam & Wübker, Ansgar & Ziebarth, Nicolas R., 2017. "Introducing risk adjustment and free health plan choice in employer-based health insurance: Evidence from Germany," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 330-351.
    2. Greß, Stefan & Tamm, Marcus & Tauchmann, Harald & Wasem, Jürgen, 2005. "Price Elasticities and Social Health Insurance Choice in Germany: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach," RWI Discussion Papers 28, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
    3. Göpffarth, Dirk, 2004. "Die Reform des Risikostrukturausgleichs: Eine Zwischenbilanz," Discussion Papers 2004/18, Technische Universität Berlin, School of Economics and Management.
    4. repec:zbw:rwirep:0304 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Pendzialek, Jonas B. & Danner, Marion & Simic, Dusan & Stock, Stephanie, 2015. "Price elasticities in the German Statutory Health Insurance market before and after the health care reform of 2009," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(5), pages 654-663.
    6. Dieterich, Felix, 2005. "Risikoselektion und Risikoausgleich am Beispiel der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen in Deutschland," Discussion Papers in Economics 718, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    7. Stefan Greß, 2002. "Freie Kassenwahl und Preiswettbewerb in der GKV: Effekte und Perspektiven," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 71(4), pages 490-497.
    8. Bettina Becker & Silke Uebelmesser, 2010. "Health Insurance Competition in Germany - the Role of Advertising," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 130(2), pages 169-194.
    9. Schmitz, Hendrik & Ziebarth, Nicolas R., 2011. "In Absolute or Relative Terms? How Framing Prices Affects the Consumer Price Sensitivity of Health Plan Choice," IZA Discussion Papers 6241, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Andersen, Hanfried H. & Grabka, Markus M. & Schwarze, Johannes, 2007. "Beitragssatz, Kassenwettbewerb und Gesundheitsreform: Eine empirische Analyse," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 227(5/6), pages 429-450.
    11. repec:zbw:rwidps:0028 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Höppner, Karin & Greß, Stefan & Rothgang, Heinz & Wasem, Jürgen & Braun, Bernard & Buitkamp, Martin, 2005. "Grenzen und Dysfunktionalitäten des Kassenwettbewerbs in der GKV: Theorie und Empirie der Risikolektion in Deutschland," Working papers of the ZeS 04/2005, University of Bremen, Centre for Social Policy Research (ZeS).
    13. Marcus Tamm & Harald Tauchmann & Stefan Greß & Jürgen Wasem, 2005. "Price Elasticities and Social Health Insurance Choice in Germany: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach," RWI Discussion Papers 0028, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
    14. Hendrik Schmitz & Nicolas R. Ziebarth, 2011. "In Absolute or Relative Terms? How Framing Prices Affects the Consumer Price Sensitivity of," Ruhr Economic Papers 0304, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
    15. Knaus, Thomas & Nuscheler, Robert, 2002. "Incomplete risk adjustment and adverse selection in the German public health insurance system [Unvollständiger Risikostrukturausgleich und Adverse Selektion in der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung ," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Market Processes and Governance FS IV 02-27, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
    16. Marcus Tamm & Harald Tauchmann & Jürgen Wasem & Stefan Greß, 2007. "Elasticities of market shares and social health insurance choice in germany: a dynamic panel data approach," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 243-256, March.
    17. Jonas Pendzialek & Dusan Simic & Stephanie Stock, 2016. "Differences in price elasticities of demand for health insurance: a systematic review," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 17(1), pages 5-21, January.
    18. Karolin Becker & Peter Zweifel, 2005. "Cost Sharing in Health Insurance: An Instrument for Risk Selection?," SOI - Working Papers 0513, Socioeconomic Institute - University of Zurich.
    19. Markus Wörz & Reinhard Busse, 2005. "Analysing the impact of health‐care system change in the EU member states – Germany," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages 133-149, September.
    20. Andersen Hanfried H. & Grabka Markus M. & Schwarze Johannes, 2007. "Beitragssatz, Kassenwettbewerb und Gesundheitsreform / Premium Rates, Competition Among Health Insurance Funds and the Health Care Reform 2007: Eine empirische Analyse / An Empirical Analysis," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 227(5-6), pages 429-450, October.
    21. Dieter Cassel, 2004. "Vermeidung von Risikoselektion als wettbewerbspolitische Gestaltungsaufgabe in der GKV: Korreferat zu den Beiträgen von Robert Nuscheler: "Krankenkassenwettbewerb in der GKV: Evidenz für Risikose," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 73(4), pages 555-563.
    22. Robert Nuscheler, 2004. "Krankenkassenwettbewerb in der GKV: Evidenz für Risikoselektion?," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 73(4), pages 528-538.

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    JEL classification:

    • I11 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Analysis of Health Care Markets
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • C25 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities

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