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Early Marriage, Women Empowerment and Child Mortality: Married Too Young To Be a «Good Mother»?

Author

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  • Nathalie Guilbert

    (PSL, Université Paris-Dauphine, IRD,LEDa, UMR DIAL)

Abstract

(english) This paper uses data from recent Senegalese Demographic and Health Surveys to explore the link between female empowerment and child mortality via early marriage, defined as marriage before age 16. There exist three channels through which early marriage reduces a mother's ability to take good care of her children: the harmful physical consequences of early sex and pregnancy; a disrupted education; and reduced autonomy and bargaining power. Controlling for the first two of these allows us to isolate the empowerment effect of early marriage. We estimate that it increases the probability that the mother experience at least one son death by 4.43%, and raises the number of dead sons per mother by 0.074. Particular attention is paid to discuss and address endogeneity issues. We also further investigate the heterogeneity of impact by current age and marriage duration. Findings suggest that we effectively identify the empowerment channel. _________________________________ (français) Cet article utilise les données des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé collectées en 2005 et en 2010 au Sénégal pour explorer le lien entre autonomisation des femmes et mortalité infantile, via la pratique du mariage précoce. Le mariage précoce est défini comme tout mariage ayant lieu avant que la jeune fille ait atteint 16 ans. Cette pratique est encore très répandue au Sénégal où 34,4% des femmes mariées sont concernées. Il existe trois canaux via lesquels le mariage précoce réduit l’aptitude des femmes à prendre bien soin de leurs enfants. Le premier est lié aux conséquences physiques désastreuses des rapports sexuels et grossesses précoces. Le deuxième découle du manque d’éducation formelle et informelle reçue par ces jeunes femmes pour lesquelles toute opportunité d’aller à l’école est interrompue précocement par le mariage. Le troisième ressort de l’absence de pouvoir de négociation des femmes au sein de leur ménage et de leur absence d’autonomie. En contrôlant pour les deux premiers canaux, nous sommes en mesure d’isoler l’impact spécifique du canal d’autonomisation des femmes sur la mortalité infantile. On estime alors que cette absence de pouvoir de négociation des femmes, exacerbée dans le cas des mariages précoces, accroît la probabilité d’une femme de voir un de ses fils décédés avant l’âge de 5 ans de 4,43% et leur nombre de 0,074. L’impact sur la mortalité des filles est non significatif. Une attention particulière a été portée à discuter et résoudre les problèmes d’endogénéité auxquels nous faisons face dans cette étude. Nous avons aussi creusé l’hétérogénéité de l’impact en fonction de l’âge actuel de la femme et du nombre d’années passées dans l’union, ceci afin de confirmer que l’on identifie bien le canal d’autonomisation des femmes. En effet, avec le temps, la connaissance du ménage d’accueil et un âge plus élevé qui confère un certain statut social, il est probable que l’effet « pouvoir de négociation » du mariage précoce s’amenuise. C’est effectivement ce que l’on observe.

Suggested Citation

  • Nathalie Guilbert, 2013. "Early Marriage, Women Empowerment and Child Mortality: Married Too Young To Be a «Good Mother»?," Working Papers DT/2013/05, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt201305
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Fatih Chellai, 2021. "Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Arab Countries. Are the Effects Homogeneous Across Birth Order and Among Countries?," European Review of Applied Sociology, Sciendo, vol. 14(23), pages 34-49, December.
    2. Nathalie Guilbert & Karine Marazyan, 2013. "Being Born Out-of-Wedlock: Does it affect a Child’s Survival Chance? An Empirical Investigation for Senegal," Working Papers DT/2013/07, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
    3. Villar, Paola, 2021. "Paternal mortality, early marriages, and marital trajectories in Senegal," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    4. Bola Lukman SOLANKE, 2015. "Marriage Age, Fertility Behavior, and Women’s Empowerment in Nigeria," SAGE Open, , vol. 5(4), pages 21582440156, November.
    5. PERVIN, Shahida & KHAN, Md. Azam & SHAH, Md. Mahmud Hasan, 2014. "Household-level Analysis ofWomen’s Power Practice in Old Dhaka City, Bangladesh," MPRA Paper 61144, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. PERVIN, Shahida & KHAN, Md. Azam & SHAH, Md. Mahmud Hasan, 2014. "Household-level Analysis ofWomen’s Power Practice in Old Dhaka City, Bangladesh," MPRA Paper 62833, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Early marriage; Senegal; Fertility; Child Mortality; Women Empowerment; Bargaining Power; Mariage précoce; Sénégal; fécondité; mortalité infantile; autonomisation des femmes; pouvoir de négociation.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J12 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality

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