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Impacto económico de los impuestos a los alimentos y bebidas altos en sodio, grasas saturadas y azúcares

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  • Arbeláez, María Angélica

    (FEDESARROLLO)

  • Cadena, Ximema

    (FEDESARROLLO)

  • Forero, David

    (FEDESARROLLO)

  • Alejandro, Becerra

    (FEDESARROLLO)

  • Hernández, Daniel

    (FEDESARROLLO)

Abstract

Existe consenso científico sobre la relación entre la ingesta de nutrientes y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), siendo los altos niveles de azúcares, sodio y grasas saturadas factores de riesgo significativos. Si bien Colombia ha implementado políticas de prevención ECNT, carece de impuestos desincentivadores para productos con altos niveles de estos nutrientes, a diferencia de otros países de América Latina. Por un lado, a través de un ejercicio de simulación utilizando modelos de equilibrio parcial y general se evaluó el impacto de un impuesto ad-valorem (5-10%) sobre alimentos y bebidas con altos niveles de azúcares, grasas y sodio. Los resultados indican una disminución en las ventas y un aumento en el recaudo. Por otro lado, mediante el Modelo de Equilibrio General Computable de Fedesarrollo (MEGF) se observa un efecto neto negativo en la economía, con reducción en el PIB, la producción y el consumo. En consecuencia, se recomienda aplicar un impuesto a todos los productos que excedan los umbrales saludables, utilizando la regulación existente, así como optar por un impuesto progresivo ad-valorem (5-10%) considerando tasas tributarias en función de impuestos existentes, vinculando la tasa a la proporción de exceso de nutrientes, complementando con políticas para conciencia alimentaria y prevención de ECNT e implementando medidas de seguimiento y control.*** Abstract: There is scientific consensus on the relationship between nutrient intake and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with high levels of sugars, sodium and saturated fats being significant risk factors. Although Colombia has implemented NCD prevention policies, it lacks disincentive taxes for products with high levels of these nutrients, unlike other Latin American countries. On the one hand, through a simulation exercise using partial and general equilibrium models, the impact of an ad-valorem tax (5-10%) on foods and beverages with high levels of sugars, fats and sodium is evaluated. The results indicate a decrease in sales and an increase in revenues. On the other hand, Fedesarrollo's Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGEM) shows a negative net effect on the economy, with a reduction in the levels of GDP, production and consumption. Consequently, it is recommended to apply a tax to all products that exceed the healthy thresholds, using the existing regulation, as well as opting for a progressive ad-valorem tax (5-10%) considering tax rates based on existing taxes, linking the rate to the proportion of excess nutrients, complementing it with policies for food awareness and prevention of NCDs and implementing monitoring and control measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Arbeláez, María Angélica & Cadena, Ximema & Forero, David & Alejandro, Becerra & Hernández, Daniel, 2022. "Impacto económico de los impuestos a los alimentos y bebidas altos en sodio, grasas saturadas y azúcares," Informes de Investigación 21029, Fedesarrollo.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000124:021029
    Note: Financiador Instituto de Cencia Política - ICP; Incluye Resumen Ejecutivo
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Powell, L.M. & Wada, R. & Persky, J.J. & Chaloupka, F.J., 2014. "Employment impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 104(4), pages 672-677.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Impuesto Pigouviano; Impuesto Saludable; Recaudo Fiscal; Impuesto Económico y Social; Pigouvian Tax; Healthy Tax; Tax Collection; Economic and Social Tax;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

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