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Tax complexity and individual tax compliance costs of the personal income tax in Canada, 1985-2023: a synthesis

Author

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  • François Vaillancourt

Abstract

This paper presents evidence on the evolution of both the complexity of the personal income tax system and the compliance costs incurred by personal income tax filers(PIT) in Canada. The complexity is measured using three indicators: ;length of federal income tax code(1971-2018), number of federal PIT expenditures(1981-2014) and length of PIT forms (2000-2015) .All three indicators show an increase in complexity. The compliance costs of the PIT are calculated using survey information gathered from individual canadians on time expanded and amount spent the following year for the 1985, 2007, 2018 and 2022 tax filing /calendar years. Our results show a decrease in the PIT compliance costs in hours, in total value and as share of GDP and revenues collected. This drop compliance costs is most likely due to the increasing use of software by tax filers to prepare their tax returns; this allows them, amongst other things, to download information from the Revenue agencies. A tax pain index combining complexity and compliance costs is put forward ; its small growth over time may well explain why increasing tax complexity of the PIT in Canada is apparently well tolerated. Cet article présente des résultats sur l'évolution de la complexité du système d'impôt sur le revenu des particuliers et des coûts de conformité encourus par les déclarants de l'impôt sur le revenu des particuliers (IRP) au Canada. La complexité est mesurée à l'aide de trois indicateurs : la longueur du code fédéral des impôts sur le revenu (1971-2018), le nombre de dépenses fédérales PIT (1981-2014) et la longueur des formulaires PIT (2000-2015). Les trois indicateurs montrent une augmentation de la complexité. Les coûts d'observation de l'IRP sont calculés à l'aide de données d'enquête recueillies auprès de particuliers canadiens sur le temps passé et le montant dépensé l'année suivante pour les années civiles/de déclaration de revenus 1985, 2007, 2018 et 2022. Nos résultats montrent une diminution des coûts de conformité associés avec l’IRP en heures, en valeur totale et en part du PIB et des revenus collectés. Cette baisse des coûts de conformité est très probablement due à l'utilisation croissante de logiciels par les déclarants pour préparer leurs déclarations de revenus ; cela leur permet, entre autres, de télécharger des informations auprès des agences fiscales. Un indice de ‘’douleur’’ fiscale combinant complexité et coûts de conformité est proposé ; sa faible croissance au fil du temps pourrait bien expliquer pourquoi la complexité fiscale croissante de l’IRP au Canada est apparemment bien tolérée.

Suggested Citation

  • François Vaillancourt, 2024. "Tax complexity and individual tax compliance costs of the personal income tax in Canada, 1985-2023: a synthesis," CIRANO Working Papers 2024s-13, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2024s-13
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2024s-13.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Tax complexity; compliance costs; personal income tax; Canada; Complexité fiscale; coûts de conformité; impôt sur le revenu personnel; Canada;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • H29 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Other

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