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Fair Value Accounting

Author

Listed:
  • Michel Magnan
  • Daniel Thornton

Abstract

The paper provides a genesis of fair value accounting (FVA) and reviews some research and empirical evidence that are relevant to the debate surrounding its use. We also comment on FVA's role in the financial crisis: was it just the messenger of bad news or was it procyclical, contributing to the sad state of the economy in addition to reporting on it? We briefly characterize FVA as comprising three levels of valuation: level 1 for assets/liabilities for which market values are directly observable, level 2 for assets/liabilities for which market-derived inputs, but not prices, are observable and level 3 for assets/liabilities which value is derived from models. We conclude that the use of FVA by regulators was probably procyclical for level 1 FVA assets, i.e., those assets which accounting values were based upon directly observable market prices. In contrast, accounting values for FVA assets that were not actively traded (levels 2 and 3) probably lagged market developments and were likely biased in their valuation. Our analysis also suggests that the appropriateness of FVA-derived valuation is conditional upon market conditions (efficiency and liquidity), and that fundamental valuation drivers such as an asset/ liability underlying cash flows are still relevant valuation inputs despite the existence of concurrent market prices. The paper concludes with some observations regarding the role of auditors, regulators, standard-setters and investors regarding FVA-derived information. Le document présente une genèse de la comptabilisation à la juste valeur et revoit certains travaux de recherche et certaines preuves empiriques qui sont pertinents dans le cadre du débat entourant le recours à cette méthode. Nous commentons aussi le rôle de la comptabilisation à la juste valeur dans le contexte de la crise financière : a-t-elle simplement été un indicateur de mauvaises nouvelles ou a-t-elle été « procyclique », c'est-à-dire a-t-elle contribué à la triste situation économique en plus d'informer sur celle-ci ? Nous décrivons brièvement la comptabilisation à la juste valeur comme étant constituée de trois niveaux d'évaluation : le niveau 1 pour les actifs/passifs dont la valeur de marché est directement observable ; le niveau 2 pour les actifs/passifs dont les données issues du marché, mais non les prix, sont observables ; et le niveau 3 pour les actifs/passifs dont la valeur est obtenue à partir de modèles. Nous concluons que le recours à la méthode de comptabilisation à la juste valeur par les organismes de réglementation a probablement été procyclique dans le cas des éléments d'actif du niveau 1 évalués selon cette méthode, c'est-à-dire les actifs dont les valeurs comptables était fondées sur les prix du marché directement observables. En comparaison, les valeurs comptables établies selon la comptabilisation à la juste valeur dans le cas des éléments d'actif qui n'étaient pas fortement négociés (niveaux 2 et 3) ont probablement pris du recul par rapport à l'évolution du marché et ont vraisemblablement fait l'objet d'opinions biaisées quant à leur estimation. Notre analyse permet aussi de penser que la pertinence de l'évaluation selon la comptabilisation à la juste valeur est tributaire des conditions du marché (efficience et fluidité) et que les facteurs d'évaluation fondamentaux, dont les flux de trésorerie sous-jacents aux actifs/passifs, sont toujours pertinents malgré l'existence de prix du marché parallèles. En terminant, le document offre des observations au sujet du rôle des vérificateurs, des organismes de réglementation et de normalisation, ainsi que des investisseurs en ce qui a trait à l'information qui se dégage de la comptabilisation à la juste valeur.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Magnan & Daniel Thornton, 2009. "Fair Value Accounting," CIRANO Working Papers 2009s-47, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2009s-47
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2009s-47.pdf
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Lamia Chourou, 2020. "Does Religiosity Matter to Value Relevance? Evidence from U.S. Banking Firms," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 162(3), pages 675-697, March.
    2. Fawzi A. Al Sawalqa, 2016. "Fair Value Accounting: A Controversial but Promising System," Accounting and Finance Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 5(1), pages 1-88, February.
    3. David Procházka, 2011. "The Role of Fair Value Measurement in the Recent Financial Crunch," Prague Economic Papers, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2011(1), pages 71-88.
    4. Bengtsson, Elias, 2011. "Repoliticalization of accounting standard setting—The IASB, the EU and the global financial crisis," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 567-580.
    5. Samira Demaria & Sandra Rigot, 2014. "IFRS Standards and Insurance Companies: What Stakes for Long-Term Investment? A French Case Explanatory Analysis," GREDEG Working Papers 2014-04, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    6. Tamás Szücs & József Ulbert, 2017. "Role and Measurement of Fair Valuation in the Hungarian Credit Institution Sector," Financial and Economic Review, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary), vol. 16(3), pages 51-73.
    7. Costel Istrate & Bogdan Robu Ioan, 2014. "L'Analyse De L'Influence Des Composants Des Etats Financiers Sur La Capitalisation Boursière Des Entreprises Roumaines, Dans Les Conditions De La Crise," Post-Print hal-01899159, HAL.
    8. Nicoleta Farcane & Delia Deliu & Maria Gheorghian, 2011. "Auditing Fair Values In A Sensitive Socio-Economical Context," Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, Faculty of Sciences, "1 Decembrie 1918" University, Alba Iulia, vol. 2(13), pages 1-19.
    9. Daniel Mügge & Bart Stellinga, 2015. "The unstable core of global finance: Contingent valuation and governance of international accounting standards," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(1), pages 47-62, March.
    10. Palea, Vera & Biancone, Paolo Pietro, 2017. "Which Accounting Rules for Economic and Social Sustainable Development? Engaging Critically with IFRS Adoption in the EU," Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis. Working Papers 201733, University of Turin.
    11. Michel Magnan & Haiping Wang & Yaqi Shi(Sans nom), 2016. "Fair Value Accounting and the Cost of Debt," CIRANO Working Papers 2016s-32, CIRANO.
    12. Cătălina Gorgan & Vasile Gorgan & Valentin Florentin Dumitru & Ileana Cosmina Pitulice, 2012. "The Evolution of the Accounting Practices During the Recent Economic Crisis: Empirical Survey Regarding the Earnings Management," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 14(32), pages 550-562, June.
    13. Ozili, Peterson K, 2021. "Accounting and financial reporting during a pandemic," MPRA Paper 105183, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Yuri Biondi & Pierpaolo Giannoccolo, 2015. "Share price formation, market exuberance and financial stability under alternative accounting regimes," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 10(2), pages 333-362, October.
    15. Michel Magnan & Garen Markarian, 2011. "Accounting, Governance and the Crisis: Is Risk the Missing Link?," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(2), pages 215-231.
    16. Smith-Lacroix, Jean-Hubert & Durocher, Sylvain & Gendron, Yves, 2012. "The erosion of jurisdiction: Auditing in a market value accounting regime," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 36-53.
    17. Volkova, O., 2018. "Fair Value in Finance: Fifty Shades of Fairness," Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, vol. 39(3), pages 85-109.
    18. Phillip de Jager, 2014. "Liberal Fair Value Accounting in Banks: A South African Case Study," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 24(2), pages 134-153, June.
    19. Marcel Boyer, 2017. "Méthodes avancées d’évaluation d’investissements / Advanced Methods of Investment Evaluation - Tome 2," CIRANO Monographs, CIRANO, number 2017mo-04.
    20. Salvador Carmona, 2010. "Editorial," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 1-5.
    21. Tamer Elshandidy & Ahmed Hassanein, 2014. "Do IFRS and board of directors' independence affect accounting conservatism?," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(16), pages 1091-1102, August.

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