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Detecting anomalous payments networks: A dimensionality reduction approach

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  • Carlos León

    (Banco de la República de Colombia)

Abstract

Anomaly detection methods aim at identifying observations that deviate manifestly from what is expected. Such methods are usually run on low dimensional data, such as time series. However, the increasing importance of high dimensional payments and exposures data for financial oversight requires methods able to detect anomalous networks. To detect an anomalous network, dimensionality reduction allows measuring to what extent its main connective features (i.e. the structure) deviate from those regarded as typical or expected. The key to such measure resides in the ability of dimensionality reduction methods to reconstruct data with an error; this reconstruction error serves as a yardstick for deviation from what is expected. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used as dimensionality reduction method, and a clustering algorithm is used to classify reconstruction errors into normal and anomalous. Based on data from Colombia’s large-value payments system and a set of synthetic anomalous networks created by means of intraday payments simulations, results suggest that detecting anomalous payments networks is feasible and promising for financial oversight purposes. **** RESUMEN: Los métodos para detección de anomalías buscan identificar observaciones que se desvían ostensiblemente de lo esperado. Esos métodos suelen utilizarse con datos de baja dimensionalidad, tales como las series de tiempo. Sin embargo, la creciente importancia de las series de redes de pagos y exposiciones –series de alta dimensionalidad- en el seguimiento de los mercados financieros exige métodos aptos para detectar redes anómalas. Para detectar una red anómala, la reducción de dimensiones permite cuantificar qué tan diferentes son las características conectivas de una red (i.e. su estructura) con respecto a aquellas que pueden ser consideradas como normales. Esto se consigue gracias a que la reducción de dimensiones permite reconstruir los datos con un error; ese error sirve de parámetro para determinar qué tan diferentes son las características conectivas de las redes. La descomposición por componentes principales es utilizada como método para reducir dimensionalidad, y un algoritmo de agrupamiento clasifica los errores de reconstrucción en normales o anómalos. Con base en datos del sistema de pagos de alto valor colombiano y un conjunto de redes de pagos anómalas creadas artificialmente a partir de métodos de simulación de pagos intradía, los resultados sugieren que la detección de redes de pagos anómalas es posible y prometedor para propósitos de seguimiento de los mercados financieros.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos León, 2019. "Detecting anomalous payments networks: A dimensionality reduction approach," Borradores de Economia 1098, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1098
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1098
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Berndsen, Ron J. & León, Carlos & Renneboog, Luc, 2018. "Financial stability in networks of financial institutions and market infrastructures," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 120-135.
    2. Brooks,Chris, 2008. "RATS Handbook to Accompany Introductory Econometrics for Finance," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521896955, September.
    3. León, Carlos & Berndsen, Ron J., 2014. "Rethinking financial stability: Challenges arising from financial networks’ modular scale-free architecture," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 15(C), pages 241-256.
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    Cited by:

    1. León, Carlos & Barucca, Paolo & Acero, Oscar & Gage, Gerardo & Ortega, Fabio, 2020. "Pattern recognition of financial institutions’ payment behavior," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 1(1).
    2. Ajit Desai & Jacob Sharples & Anneke Kosse, 2024. "Finding a needle in a haystack: a machine learning framework for anomaly detection in payment systems," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Granular data: new horizons and challenges, volume 61, Bank for International Settlements.
    3. Luis Gerardo Gage & Raúl Morales-Resendiz & John Arroyo & Jeniffer Rubio & Paolo Barucca, 2022. "Classifying payment patterns with artificial neural networks: an autoencoder approach," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Machine learning in central banking, volume 57, Bank for International Settlements.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Anomaly; payments; network; dimensionality; clustering; anomalías; pagos; redes; dimensionalidad; agrupamiento;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Sytsems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • C38 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Classification Methdos; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Analysis
    • C53 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Forecasting and Prediction Models; Simulation Methods

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