IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/aho/ibaess/wpsil4.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Gender Inequality in Education - Determinants of Girls' Enrolment at the Primary, Middle & Secondary/High School Level

Author

Listed:
  • Siddiqua Alibhai
  • Haroon Jamal
  • Dr Qazi Masood Ahmed

    (School of Economics and Social Sciences, IBA Karachi)

Abstract

This paper aims to study the factors influencing households’ decision to send their girl child to school. There is a consensus among existing research on gender inequality that girls are discriminated against if household income is closer to the poverty line, whether above or below. Gender inequality in education refers to girls being discriminated against in acquiring education with undesirable consequences on their freedom. In recent literature, it is found that mother’s education level, that is the more she is educated and qualified and her active participation in the labour force, have a positive influence in the girl child being enrolled in school. In this study, Binomial Logit Model is used with data from Pakistan Social and Living Standard measurement (PSLM) Survey for the year 2012-13 to conduct econometric analysis on girls belonging to the age group 5-16 years. Thus primary, middle and secondary level schooling determinants are established. It is found in this research that a working mother does not have a positive impact in the decision to enrol girls in school. The PSLM data reveals that a major reason for not enrolling is that either the girls are not willing or the parents are not willing to send their daughters to school.

Suggested Citation

  • Siddiqua Alibhai & Haroon Jamal & Dr Qazi Masood Ahmed, 2023. "Gender Inequality in Education - Determinants of Girls' Enrolment at the Primary, Middle & Secondary/High School Level," Social Inequality Lab Working Paper Series wpsil4, School of Economics and Social Sciences, IBA Karachi.
    • Handle: RePEc:aho:ibaess:wpsil4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.iba.edu.pk/sess/labs/sil/pdf/wp-sil-04.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Becker, Gary S & Tomes, Nigel, 1976. "Child Endowments and the Quantity and Quality of Children," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 84(4), pages 143-162, August.
    2. Cooray, Arusha & Potrafke, Niklas, 2011. "Gender inequality in education: Political institutions or culture and religion?," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 268-280, June.
    3. Sawada, Yasayuki & Lokshin, Michael, 2001. "Household schooling decisions in rural Pakistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2541, The World Bank.
    4. Rosenzweig, Mark R & Schultz, T Paul, 1982. "Market Opportunities, Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 72(4), pages 803-815, September.
    5. Singh, Ram D. & Santiago, Maria, 1997. "Farm earnings, educational attainment, and role of public policy: Some evidence from Mexico," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 25(12), pages 2143-2154, December.
    6. Paul Glewwe & Hanan Jacoby, 1994. "Student Achievement and Schooling Choice in Low-Income Countries: Evidence from Ghana," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 29(3), pages 843-864.
    7. Behrman, Jere R & Wolfe, Barbara L, 1984. "The Socioeconomic Impact of Schooling in a Developing Country," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 66(2), pages 296-303, May.
    8. Handa, Sudhanshu & Simler, Kenneth R. & Harrower, Sarah, 2004. "Human capital, household welfare, and children's schooling in Mozambique:," Research reports 134, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    9. Singh, Ram D, 1992. "Underinvestment, Low Economic Returns to Education, and the Schooling of Rural Children: Some Evidence from Brazil," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40(3), pages 645-664, April.
    10. Gary S. Becker, 1975. "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Second Edition," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number beck75-1, February.
    11. Birdsall, Nancy, 1985. "Public inputs and child schooling in Brazil," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 67-86.
    12. Hossain, Shaikh I., 1989. "Effect of public programs on family size, child education and health," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 145-158, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Aysit Tansel, 1998. "Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey," Working Papers 9810, Economic Research Forum, revised 07 Sep 1998.
    2. Subha Mani & John Hoddinott & John Strauss, 2009. "Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia," Fordham Economics Discussion Paper Series dp2009-03, Fordham University, Department of Economics.
    3. Sarmistha Pal, 2004. "How Much of the Gender Difference in Child School Enrolment Can Be Explained? Evidence from Rural India," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 133-158, April.
    4. World Bank, 2011. "Vietnam," World Bank Publications - Reports 27450, The World Bank Group.
    5. Dr. Sumanash Dutta & Dr.Isla Uddin Choudhury, 2015. "Status of Household Background Characteristics and their Impacts on Educational Attainments of Children: An Empirical Study on Muslims," Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, Educational Research Multimedia & Publications,India, vol. 6(2), pages 88-96, May.
    6. Shemyakina, Olga, 2011. "The effect of armed conflict on accumulation of schooling: Results from Tajikistan," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pages 186-200, July.
    7. Suzanne Duryea & Jere R. Behrman & Miguel Székely, 1999. "Schooling Investments and Macroeconomic Conditions: A Micro-Macro Investigation for Latin America and the Caribbean," Research Department Publications 4184, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    8. repec:eee:labchp:v:3:y:1999:i:pb:p:2859-2939 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Jere Behrman, 1987. "Is Child Schooling A Poor Proxy for Child Quality?," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 24(3), pages 341-359, August.
    10. Tansel, Aysit, 2002. "Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 455-470, October.
    11. Sarmistha Pal, 2004. "Child schooling in Peru: Evidence from a sequential analysis of school progression," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 17(4), pages 657-680, December.
    12. Suzanne Duryea & Jere R. Behrman & Miguel Székely, 1999. "Inversiones en enseñanza y condiciones macroeconómicas: investigación micro-macro de América Latina y el Caribe," Research Department Publications 4185, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    13. Singh, Ram D. & Santiago, Maria, 1997. "Farm earnings, educational attainment, and role of public policy: Some evidence from Mexico," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 25(12), pages 2143-2154, December.
    14. Rola-Rubzen, Maria Fay & Hardaker, J. Brian, 1999. "Intra-Household Modelling Farm-Household Systems," 1999 Conference (43th), January 20-22, 1999, Christchurch, New Zealand 124542, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    15. Victor Hiller, 2014. "Gender Inequality, Endogenous Cultural Norms, and Economic Development," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 116(2), pages 455-481, April.
    16. repec:eee:labchp:v:1:y:1986:i:c:p:205-271 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Amin, Vikesh & Lundborg, Petter & Rooth, Dan-Olof, 2015. "The intergenerational transmission of schooling: Are mothers really less important than fathers?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 100-117.
    18. Almond, Douglas & Currie, Janet, 2011. "Human Capital Development before Age Five," Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 15, pages 1315-1486, Elsevier.
    19. Wei, Xu & Zhou, Yi & Zhou, Yimin, 2022. "Signaling of earlier-born Children's endowments, intra-household allocation, and birth-order effects," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    20. Glewwe, Paul, 2001. "Schools, Skills And Economic Development: Education Policies, Student Learning And Socioeconomic Outcomes In Developing Countries," Bulletins 12969, University of Minnesota, Economic Development Center.
    21. Jacob, Arun, 2016. "Gender Bias in Educational Attainment in India : The Role of Dowry Payments," MPRA Paper 76338, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. King, Elizabeth M. & Bellew, Rosemary, 1990. "Gains in the education of Peruvian women, 1940 to 1980," Policy Research Working Paper Series 472, The World Bank.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:aho:ibaess:wpsil4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: sshabbar (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ibakapk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.