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Linkages and rural non-farm employment creation: Changing challenges and policies in Indonesia

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  • Kristiansen, Stein

Abstract

Increasing problems of rural unemployment in Indonesia are at the core of this report. Numbers of unemployed increased dramatically after the 1997 economic crisis and millions of people searched to be reabsorbed in rural labour markets. Agricultural land is scarce, however, and entry barriers are often high in non-farm businesses. Access to capital and information is limited for the rural poor and uneducated people. During successful periods of economic growth in Indonesia, various linkages in factor and commodity markets were created. Any return to the state-dominated economy and substantial government interventions in markets is unrealistic, but linkages may nevertheless be manipulated for political ends like employment creation. Policy instruments may still be applicable for reducing market failures and to facilitate commercial transactions in an economy characterised by disintegration and sectoral and geographical disconnection. This paper aims to assess experiences from former linkage strategies for rural non-farm employment creation and to point at new policies suitable in various and changing economic, political and cultural contexts of Indonesia. A conclusion is that linkages and rural employment creation strategies should aim towards mobilising the variety of local natural and cultural resources and encourage horizontal communication and economic transactions between regions and peoples.

Suggested Citation

  • Kristiansen, Stein, 2003. "Linkages and rural non-farm employment creation: Changing challenges and policies in Indonesia," ESA Working Papers 289077, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA).
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:faoaes:289077
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.289077
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    Cited by:

    1. Stein Kristiansen, 2007. "Entry Barriers in Rural Business," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 16(1), pages 53-76, March.
    2. Saif asif Khan & Sajawal Khan, 2011. "Optimal Taxation, Inflation and the Formal and Informal Sectors," SBP Working Paper Series 40, State Bank of Pakistan, Research Department.
    3. Lahiri, Bidisha & Daramola, Richard, 2023. "Effects of credit and labor constraints on microenterprises and the unintended impact of changes in household endowments: Use of threshold estimation to detect heterogeneity," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 21-38.
    4. Stein Kristiansen & Nurul Indarti, 2004. "Entrepreneurial Intention Among Indonesian And Norwegian Students," Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(01), pages 55-78.
    5. Berloffa, Gabriella & Modena, Francesca, 2013. "Income shocks, coping strategies, and consumption smoothing: An application to Indonesian data," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 158-171.
    6. Margaret Yejide Onanuga & Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin & Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, 2022. "Urbanization and its effects on land and water resources in Ijebuland, southwestern Nigeria," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 592-616, January.
    7. Gibson, John & Olivia, Susan, 2010. "The Effect of Infrastructure Access and Quality on Non-Farm Enterprises in Rural Indonesia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 717-726, May.
    8. Martha Suhardiyah & Subakir & Sulistyowati, 2016. "Analysis of Factors Affecting: Sales Volume of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Surabaya," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 8(5), pages 63-74, May.
    9. Barron, Manuel & Torero, Maximo, 2012. "Determinants of Time Allocation to Rural Non-Farm Activities in Central America: The Role of Infrastructure and EducationI," MPRA Paper 61421, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Olivia, Susan & Gibson, John, 2008. "The Effect of Infrastructure Access and Quality on Non-farm Employment and Income in Rural Indonesia," 2009 Conference, August 16-22, 2009, Beijing, China 49919, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    11. Edy Dwi Kurniati & Indah Susilowati & Suharno, 2019. "Sustainable Competitive Advantage of SMEs through Resource and Institutional-Based Management: An Empirical Study of Batik SMEs in Central Java, Indonesia," Tržište/Market, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, vol. 31(1), pages 61-82.

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    Keywords

    Community/Rural/Urban Development;

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