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The Global HIV Epidemics among Men Who Have Sex with Men

Author

Listed:
  • Chris Beyrer
  • Andrea L. Wirtz
  • Damian Walker
  • Benjamin Johns
  • Frangiscos Sifakis
  • Stefan D. Baral

Abstract

Men who have sex with Men (MSM) are currently at marked risk for HIV infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Estimates of HIV prevalence rates have been consistently higher among MSM than for the general population of reproductive-age men virtually wherever MSM have been well studied. Although scarce, HIV incidence data support findings of high acquisition and transmission risks among MSM in multiple contexts, cultural settings, and economic levels. Research among MSM in LMICs has been limited by the criminalization and social stigmatization of these behaviors, the safety considerations for study participants, the hidden nature of these populations, and a lack of targeted funding. Available evidence from these countries suggests that structural risks social, economic, political, or legal factors in addition to individual-level risk factors are likely to play important roles in shaping HIV risks and treatment and care options for these men. Services and resources for populations of MSM remain markedly low in many settings. They have limited coverage and access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care services with some estimates suggesting that fewer than one in ten MSM worldwide have access to the most basic package of preventive interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Chris Beyrer & Andrea L. Wirtz & Damian Walker & Benjamin Johns & Frangiscos Sifakis & Stefan D. Baral, 2011. "The Global HIV Epidemics among Men Who Have Sex with Men," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 2308.
  • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbpubs:2308
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    File URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2308/622610PUB0glob01476B0extop0ID018726.pdf?sequence=1
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Veronica Vargas, 2015. "The New HIV/AIDS Program in Peru: The Role of Prioritizing and Budgeting for Results," Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper Series 94260, The World Bank.
    2. Arin Dutta & Andrea Wirtz & Anderson Stanciole & Robert Oelrichs & Iris Semini & Stefan Baral & Carel Pretorius & Caroline Haworth & Shannon Hader & Chris Beyrer & Farley Cleghorn, 2013. "The Global HIV Epidemics among People Who Inject Drugs," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 12215.

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