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Exposure to Chlorination By‐Products from Hot Water Uses

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  • Clifford P. Weisel
  • Wei Jie Chen

Abstract

Exposures to chlorination by‐products (CBP) within public water supplies are multiroute in water. Cold water is primarily used for ingestion while a mixture of cold water and hot water is used for showering, bathing others, dish washing, etc. These latter two activities result in inhalation and dermal exposure. Heating water was observed to change the concentration of various CBP. An increase in the trihalomethanes (THM) concentrations and a decrease in the haloacetonitriles and halopropanones concentration, though an initial rise in the concentration of dichloropropanone, were observed. The extent of the increase in the THM is dependent on the chlorine residual present. Therefore, estimates of total exposure to CBP from public water supplies need to consider any changes in their concentration with different water uses. The overall THM exposures calculated using the THM concentration in heated water were 50% higher than those calculated using the THM concentration present in cold water. The estimated lifetime cancer risk associated with exposure to THM in water during the shower is therefore underestimated by 50% if the concentration of THM in cold water is used in the risk assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Clifford P. Weisel & Wei Jie Chen, 1994. "Exposure to Chlorination By‐Products from Hot Water Uses," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(1), pages 101-106, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:14:y:1994:i:1:p:101-106
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00032.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wan K. Jo & Clifford P. Weisel & Paul J. Lioy, 1990. "Chloroform Exposure and the Health Risk Associated with Multiple Uses of Chlorinated Tap Water," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(4), pages 581-585, December.
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