IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/eldpol/v2y2022i2p111-140.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

“Here it was waiting for me:” Diabetes Diagnosis Pathways and Implications for Health Policy

Author

Listed:
  • Sarah Chard
  • Laura Girling
  • Brandy Harris‐Wallace
  • Loren Henderson
  • Erin G. Roth
  • J. Kevin Eckert

Abstract

Diabetes in older adults is a growing public health concern with nearly 30% of Americans 65 and older having diabetes. This includes 2.6 million older adults with undiagnosed diabetes who are at high risk of microvascular and cardiovascular complications (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). The majority of cases are Type‐2 diabetes. The past decade has witnessed an expansion in screening recommendations in an effort to reduce rates of undiagnosed older adults. Drawing on the sociology of diagnosis, we suggest further attention to the social factors that shape the diagnosis process is needed. We examine the diabetes diagnosis process from the perspective of older adults with type 2 diabetes. The data derive from diabetes illness narrative interviews with non‐Hispanic White and African American older adult men and women (age ≥50) with type 2 diabetes (N=83). Our thematic analysis reveals four pathways to diagnosis: 1. Annual wellness exam, 2. Workplace screening, 3. Community‐based opportunities, and 4. Health event or alarm. Diabetes' early symptoms are often normalized within daily life, with health insurance gaps, providers' dismissal of symptoms, and nonprescription medications reinforcing efforts to address initial symptoms within the home. Wellness visits, as well as worksite and community‐based screening, critically intercede in the unfolding of symptoms. In contrast, diagnosis in connection with a health event or alarm carries an additional toll on social and emotional well‐being. These findings have implications for national screening policies and local diabetes control efforts. La diabetes en los adultos mayores es un problema de salud pública cada vez mayor, ya que casi el 30 % de los estadounidenses mayores de 65 años tienen diabetes. Esto incluye a 2,6 millones de adultos mayores con diabetes no diagnosticada que tienen un alto riesgo de complicaciones microvasculares y cardiovasculares (Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades, 2022). La mayoría de los casos son diabetes tipo 2. La última década ha sido testigo de una expansión en las recomendaciones de detección en un esfuerzo por reducir las tasas de adultos mayores no diagnosticados. Basándonos en la sociología del diagnóstico, sugerimos que se necesita más atención a los factores sociales que dan forma al proceso de diagnóstico. Examinamos el proceso de diagnóstico de la diabetes desde la perspectiva de los adultos mayores con diabetes tipo 2. Los datos se derivan de entrevistas narrativas de la enfermedad de la diabetes con hombres y mujeres adultos mayores blancos no hispanos y afroamericanos (edad ≥50) con diabetes tipo 2 (N = 83). Nuestro análisis temático revela cuatro caminos hacia el diagnóstico: 1. Examen anual de bienestar, 2. Evaluación en el lugar de trabajo, 3. Oportunidades basadas en la comunidad y 4. Evento o alarma de salud. Los primeros síntomas de la diabetes a menudo se normalizan dentro de la vida diaria, con brechas en el seguro médico, desestimación de los síntomas por parte de los proveedores y medicamentos sin receta que refuerzan los esfuerzos para abordar los síntomas iniciales dentro del hogar. Las visitas de bienestar, así como las evaluaciones en el lugar de trabajo y en la comunidad, intervienen de manera crítica en el desarrollo de los síntomas. Por el contrario, el diagnóstico en relación con un evento o alarma de salud conlleva un costo adicional en el bienestar social y emocional. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones para las políticas nacionales de detección y los esfuerzos locales de control de la diabetes. 老年人患糖尿病是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题,近30%的65岁及以上的美国人患有糖尿病。这包括260万未确诊糖尿病的老年人,他们极易患微血管和心血管并发症(美国疾病控制与预防中心,2022年)。大多数病例是2型糖尿病。过去十年见证了筛查建议的扩大,以期降低未确诊老年人的比例。基于诊断社会学,我们建议进一步关注影响诊断过程的社会因素。我们从患有2型糖尿病的老年人的角度分析糖尿病的诊断过程。数据来自一系列糖尿病叙事访谈,访谈对象为患有2型糖尿病的非西班牙裔白人和非裔老年男性和女性(年龄≥50岁)(N=83)。我们的主题分析揭示了四种诊断途径:1. 年度健康检查,2. 工作场所筛查,3. 基于社区的机会,以及4. 健康事件或警报。糖尿病的早期症状通常在日常生活中被正常化,这归因于医疗保险缺口、医疗提供者对症状的忽视、以及一系列促进在家解决初始症状的非处方药。健康访问以及基于工作场所和社区的筛查对症状的出现起到关键的干预作用。相比之下,与健康事件或警报相关的诊断会对社交健康和情绪健康造成额外的影响。这些发现对全国筛查政策和地方糖尿病控制工作具有启示。

Suggested Citation

  • Sarah Chard & Laura Girling & Brandy Harris‐Wallace & Loren Henderson & Erin G. Roth & J. Kevin Eckert, 2022. "“Here it was waiting for me:” Diabetes Diagnosis Pathways and Implications for Health Policy," Journal of Elder Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(2), pages 111-140, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:2:y:2022:i:2:p:111-140
    DOI: 10.18278/jep.2.2.4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.18278/jep.2.2.4
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.18278/jep.2.2.4?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marshall, S.E. & Cheng, B. & Northridge, M.E. & Kunzel, C. & Huang, C. & Lamster, I.B., 2013. "Integrating oral and general health screening at senior centers for minority elders," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(6), pages 1022-1025.
    2. Morgan Grove & Laura Ogden & Steward Pickett & Chris Boone & Geoff Buckley & Dexter H. Locke & Charlie Lord & Billy Hall, 2018. "The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 108(2), pages 524-537, March.
    3. Brown, Phil & Lyson, Mercedes & Jenkins, Tania, 2011. "From diagnosis to social diagnosis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 73(6), pages 939-943, September.
    4. Caspersen, C.J. & Thomas, G.D. & Boseman, L.A. & Beckles, G.L.A. & Albright, A.L., 2012. "Aging, diabetes, and the public health system in the United States," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(8), pages 1482-1497.
    5. Sarah Chard & Brandy Harris-Wallace & Erin G. Roth & Laura M. Girling & Robert Rubinstein & Ashanté M. Reese & Charlene C. Quinn & J. Kevin Eckert, 2017. "Successful Aging Among African American Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 72(2), pages 319-327.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Derek M Griffith & Emily K Cornish & Erin M Bergner & Marino A Bruce & Bettina M Beech, 2018. "“Health is the Ability to Manage Yourself Without Help†: How Older African American Men Define Health and Successful Aging," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 240-247.
    2. Andre M. Eanes & Todd R. Lookingbill & Jeremy S. Hoffman & Kelly C. Saverino & Stephen S. Fong, 2020. "Assessing Inequitable Urban Heat Islands and Air Pollution Disparities with Low-Cost Sensors in Richmond, Virginia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Rasmussen, Pernille Skovbo & Pedersen, Inge Kryger & Pagsberg, Anne Katrine, 2020. "Biographical disruption or cohesion?: How parents deal with their child's autism diagnosis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    4. Gutin, Iliya, 2022. "Not ‘putting a name to it’: Managing uncertainty in the diagnosis of childhood obesity," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    5. Chia-Ching Chen & Tetsuji Yamada & John Smith, 2014. "An Evaluation of Healthcare Information on the Internet: The Case of Colorectal Cancer Prevention," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, January.
    6. Ye Seol Lee & Juyeong Kim & Yoon Soo Choy & Eunkyong Kim & Jaehyun Yoo, 2021. "Change in Denture Procedures after Implementation of National Health Insurance Coverage for the Elderly in Korea: A Nationwide Database," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-10, February.
    7. Leiter, Valerie, 2024. "Signs and symptoms: Adverse events associated with a sterilization device," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    8. Jenkins, Tania M. & Short, Susan E., 2017. "Negotiating intersex: A case for revising the theory of social diagnosis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 91-98.
    9. Kelly, Kimberly, 2014. "The spread of ‘Post Abortion Syndrome’ as social diagnosis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 18-25.
    10. Stephanie Panlasigui & Erica Spotswood & Erin Beller & Robin Grossinger, 2021. "Biophilia beyond the Building: Applying the Tools of Urban Biodiversity Planning to Create Biophilic Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-15, February.
    11. Scott Markley, 2024. "Federal ‘redlining’ maps: A critical reappraisal," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 61(2), pages 195-213, February.
    12. Venter, Zander S. & Barton, David N. & Martinez-Izquierdo, Laura & Langemeyer, Johannes & Baró, Francesc & McPhearson, Timon, 2021. "Interactive spatial planning of urban green infrastructure – Retrofitting green roofs where ecosystem services are most needed in Oslo," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    13. Lara A. Roman & Indigo J. Catton & Eric J. Greenfield & Hamil Pearsall & Theodore S. Eisenman & Jason G. Henning, 2021. "Linking Urban Tree Cover Change and Local History in a Post-Industrial City," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-30, April.
    14. Sergio Joseph Rey & Elijah Knaap, 2024. "The Legacy of Redlining: A Spatial Dynamics Perspective," International Regional Science Review, , vol. 47(1), pages 3-44, January.
    15. Lee, Eun Kyung & Donley, Gwendolyn & Ciesielski, Timothy H. & Gill, India & Yamoah, Owusua & Roche, Abigail & Martinez, Roberto & Freedman, Darcy A., 2022. "Health outcomes in redlined versus non-redlined neighborhoods: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    16. Fisher, Michael P., 2021. "Politicized disease surveillance: A theoretical lens for understanding sociopolitical influence on the monitoring of disease epidemics," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    17. Caroline Beaudoin-Chabot & Lei Wang & Cenk Celik & Aishah Tul-Firdaus Abdul Khalid & Subhash Thalappilly & Shiyi Xu & Jhee Hong Koh & Venus Wen Xuan Lim & Ann Don Low & Guillaume Thibault, 2022. "The unfolded protein response reverses the effects of glucose on lifespan in chemically-sterilized C. elegans," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.
    18. Armstrong, Natalie & Hilton, Paul, 2014. "Doing diagnosis: Whether and how clinicians use a diagnostic tool of uncertain clinical utility," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 208-214.
    19. Scott, Ryan P. & Scott, Tyler A. & Greer, Robert A., 2019. "The environmental and safety performance of gas utilities in the United States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    20. Gøril Ursin, 2020. "Framing Dementia Care Practices: The Politics of Early Diagnosis in the Making of Care," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(3), pages 21582440209, July.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:2:y:2022:i:2:p:111-140. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.