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“Here it was waiting for me:” Diabetes Diagnosis Pathways and Implications for Health Policy

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  • Sarah Chard
  • Laura Girling
  • Brandy Harris‐Wallace
  • Loren Henderson
  • Erin G. Roth
  • J. Kevin Eckert

Abstract

Diabetes in older adults is a growing public health concern with nearly 30% of Americans 65 and older having diabetes. This includes 2.6 million older adults with undiagnosed diabetes who are at high risk of microvascular and cardiovascular complications (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). The majority of cases are Type‐2 diabetes. The past decade has witnessed an expansion in screening recommendations in an effort to reduce rates of undiagnosed older adults. Drawing on the sociology of diagnosis, we suggest further attention to the social factors that shape the diagnosis process is needed. We examine the diabetes diagnosis process from the perspective of older adults with type 2 diabetes. The data derive from diabetes illness narrative interviews with non‐Hispanic White and African American older adult men and women (age ≥50) with type 2 diabetes (N=83). Our thematic analysis reveals four pathways to diagnosis: 1. Annual wellness exam, 2. Workplace screening, 3. Community‐based opportunities, and 4. Health event or alarm. Diabetes' early symptoms are often normalized within daily life, with health insurance gaps, providers' dismissal of symptoms, and nonprescription medications reinforcing efforts to address initial symptoms within the home. Wellness visits, as well as worksite and community‐based screening, critically intercede in the unfolding of symptoms. In contrast, diagnosis in connection with a health event or alarm carries an additional toll on social and emotional well‐being. These findings have implications for national screening policies and local diabetes control efforts. La diabetes en los adultos mayores es un problema de salud pública cada vez mayor, ya que casi el 30 % de los estadounidenses mayores de 65 años tienen diabetes. Esto incluye a 2,6 millones de adultos mayores con diabetes no diagnosticada que tienen un alto riesgo de complicaciones microvasculares y cardiovasculares (Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades, 2022). La mayoría de los casos son diabetes tipo 2. La última década ha sido testigo de una expansión en las recomendaciones de detección en un esfuerzo por reducir las tasas de adultos mayores no diagnosticados. Basándonos en la sociología del diagnóstico, sugerimos que se necesita más atención a los factores sociales que dan forma al proceso de diagnóstico. Examinamos el proceso de diagnóstico de la diabetes desde la perspectiva de los adultos mayores con diabetes tipo 2. Los datos se derivan de entrevistas narrativas de la enfermedad de la diabetes con hombres y mujeres adultos mayores blancos no hispanos y afroamericanos (edad ≥50) con diabetes tipo 2 (N = 83). Nuestro análisis temático revela cuatro caminos hacia el diagnóstico: 1. Examen anual de bienestar, 2. Evaluación en el lugar de trabajo, 3. Oportunidades basadas en la comunidad y 4. Evento o alarma de salud. Los primeros síntomas de la diabetes a menudo se normalizan dentro de la vida diaria, con brechas en el seguro médico, desestimación de los síntomas por parte de los proveedores y medicamentos sin receta que refuerzan los esfuerzos para abordar los síntomas iniciales dentro del hogar. Las visitas de bienestar, así como las evaluaciones en el lugar de trabajo y en la comunidad, intervienen de manera crítica en el desarrollo de los síntomas. Por el contrario, el diagnóstico en relación con un evento o alarma de salud conlleva un costo adicional en el bienestar social y emocional. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones para las políticas nacionales de detección y los esfuerzos locales de control de la diabetes. 老年人患糖尿病是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题,近30%的65岁及以上的美国人患有糖尿病。这包括260万未确诊糖尿病的老年人,他们极易患微血管和心血管并发症(美国疾病控制与预防中心,2022年)。大多数病例是2型糖尿病。过去十年见证了筛查建议的扩大,以期降低未确诊老年人的比例。基于诊断社会学,我们建议进一步关注影响诊断过程的社会因素。我们从患有2型糖尿病的老年人的角度分析糖尿病的诊断过程。数据来自一系列糖尿病叙事访谈,访谈对象为患有2型糖尿病的非西班牙裔白人和非裔老年男性和女性(年龄≥50岁)(N=83)。我们的主题分析揭示了四种诊断途径:1. 年度健康检查,2. 工作场所筛查,3. 基于社区的机会,以及4. 健康事件或警报。糖尿病的早期症状通常在日常生活中被正常化,这归因于医疗保险缺口、医疗提供者对症状的忽视、以及一系列促进在家解决初始症状的非处方药。健康访问以及基于工作场所和社区的筛查对症状的出现起到关键的干预作用。相比之下,与健康事件或警报相关的诊断会对社交健康和情绪健康造成额外的影响。这些发现对全国筛查政策和地方糖尿病控制工作具有启示。

Suggested Citation

  • Sarah Chard & Laura Girling & Brandy Harris‐Wallace & Loren Henderson & Erin G. Roth & J. Kevin Eckert, 2022. "“Here it was waiting for me:” Diabetes Diagnosis Pathways and Implications for Health Policy," Journal of Elder Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(2), pages 111-140, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:2:y:2022:i:2:p:111-140
    DOI: 10.18278/jep.2.2.4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Caspersen, C.J. & Thomas, G.D. & Boseman, L.A. & Beckles, G.L.A. & Albright, A.L., 2012. "Aging, diabetes, and the public health system in the United States," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(8), pages 1482-1497.
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