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Racial Differences in Self‐Appraisal, Religious Coping, and Psychological Well‐being in Later Life During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

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  • Timothy D. Goler
  • Tirth R. Bhatta
  • Nirmala Lekhak
  • Neema Langa

Abstract

Older adults from minority groups, especially those with pre‐existing health conditions, have been generally considered the most vulnerable to the COVID‐19. Due to greater health disadvantages prior to the pandemic, its adverse health impact in terms of mortality has been disproportionately higher on Blacks than Whites. The existing health disadvantages and worsening economic conditions due to the pandemic are likely to be anxiety‐inducing that could adversely impact the mental health of Black older adults. Existing studies conducted in the pre‐pandemic era have documented paradoxical findings on race differences in later life psychological well‐being. Even with significant structural disadvantages, Black older adults tended to report significantly better psychological well‐being (e.g., lower depressive symptoms) than White adults. The racial differences in coping mechanisms have been cited as an explanation for such paradoxical findings. Based on our national web‐based survey (N=1764, aged 50 years or older), we examined race differences in coping resources such as religious coping and self‐appraisal and their impacts on anxiety and depressive symptoms. We documented greater concerns about the personal impacts of the pandemic among Blacks than their White counterparts. The greater concerns about the pandemic were associated with poorer psychological well‐being outcomes. Yet Blacks reported fewer depressive symptoms and lower anxiety than Whites. Our study finds subjective religiosity, religious coping, and emotional support to be responsible for better psychological well‐being among Blacks than Whites. Our study highlights policy implications of coping resources for racial differences in later life psychological well‐being. Los adultos mayores de grupos minoritarios, especialmente aquellos con condiciones de salud preexistentes, generalmente se han considerado los más vulnerables al COVID‐19. Debido a las mayores desventajas para la salud antes de la pandemia, su impacto adverso en la salud en términos de mortalidad ha sido desproporcionadamente mayor en los negros que en los blancos. Es probable que las desventajas de salud existentes y el empeoramiento de las condiciones económicas debido a la pandemia provoquen ansiedad, lo que podría tener un impacto adverso en la salud mental de los adultos mayores negros. Los estudios existentes realizados en la era prepandémica han documentado hallazgos paradójicos sobre las diferencias raciales en el bienestar psicológico de la vida posterior. Incluso con desventajas estructurales significativas, los adultos mayores negros tendían a reportar un bienestar psicológico significativamente mejor (por ejemplo, síntomas depresivos más bajos) que los adultos blancos. Las diferencias raciales en los mecanismos de afrontamiento se han citado como una explicación de estos hallazgos paradójicos. Basándonos en nuestra encuesta nacional basada en la web (N = 1764, de 50 años o más), examinamos las diferencias raciales en los recursos de afrontamiento, como el afrontamiento religioso y la autoevaluación y sus impactos en la ansiedad y los síntomas depresivos. Documentamos mayores preocupaciones sobre los impactos personales de la pandemia entre los negros que entre los blancos. Las mayores preocupaciones sobre la pandemia se asociaron con peores resultados de bienestar psicológico. Sin embargo, los negros informaron menos síntomas depresivos y menos ansiedad que los blancos. Nuestro estudio encuentra que la religiosidad subjetiva, el afrontamiento religioso y el apoyo emocional son responsables de un mejor bienestar psicológico entre los negros que entre los blancos. Nuestro estudio destaca las implicaciones políticas de los recursos para hacer frente a las diferencias raciales en el bienestar psicológico de la vida posterior. 少数群体中的老年人,尤其是那些已患有健康疾病的,普遍被视为最易受2019冠状病毒病(COVID‐19)的影响。鉴于大流行前患有的更严重的疾病情况,黑人面对的COVID‐19致死率一直显著高于白人。已有疾病和因大流行而恶化的经济状况很有可能催生焦虑,后者能对老年黑人的精神健康产生消极影响。大流行前所作的研究就老年心理健康的种族差异得出了矛盾的研究发现。即使存在显著的结构性劣势,老年黑人的心理健康自我报告往往比成年白人显著更好(例如更轻的抑郁症状)。应对机制(coping mechanisms)的种族差异被引用于解释这类矛盾的研究发现。基于我们的国家网络调查(n=1764,年龄大于或等于50岁),我们分析了例如宗教应对和自我评价等不同应对资源(coping resources)的种族差异,以及这些差异对焦虑和抑郁症状产生的影响。我们发现,与白人相比,黑人更加担忧大流行产生的个人影响。这种担忧与更差的心理健康结果相关。不过,相比起白人,黑人报告的抑郁症状和焦虑情况都更低。我们的研究发现,主观宗教性、宗教应对和情感支持是黑人比白人的心理健康结果更好的原因。我们的研究强调了应对资源对老年心理健康的种族差异产生的政策意义。

Suggested Citation

  • Timothy D. Goler & Tirth R. Bhatta & Nirmala Lekhak & Neema Langa, 2021. "Racial Differences in Self‐Appraisal, Religious Coping, and Psychological Well‐being in Later Life During the COVID‐19 Pandemic," Journal of Elder Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(3), pages 111-130, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:1:y:2021:i:3:p:111-130
    DOI: 10.18278/jep.1.3.4
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    1. Blank, M.B. & Mahmood, M. & Fox, J.C. & Guterbock, T., 2002. "Alternative mental health services: The role of the Black church in the South," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(10), pages 1668-1672.
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