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Income Smoothing and the Usefulness of Earnings for Monitoring in Debt Contracting

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  • Peter Demerjian
  • John Donovan
  • Melissa F. Lewis‐Western

Abstract

We investigate whether income smoothing affects the usefulness of earnings for contracting through the monitoring role of earnings‐based debt covenants. First, we examine initial contract design and predict that income smoothing will increase (decrease) the use of earnings‐based covenants if income smoothing improves (reduces) the usefulness of earnings to monitor borrowers. We find that private debt contracts to borrowers with greater income smoothing are more likely to include earnings‐based covenants. A structural model that explores the cause of this relationship provides evidence that smoothing improves the ability of earnings to reflect credit risk. Second, we examine technical default following contract inception. We find that income smoothing is associated with a lower likelihood of spurious technical default (when the borrower's economic performance has not declined but the loan nevertheless enters technical default). In contrast, we find no association between income smoothing and performance technical default (when the borrower's economic performance has declined). Collectively, this evidence is consistent with income smoothing improving the effectiveness of earnings‐based information in monitoring borrowers. Nivellement des bénéfices et utilité des résultats dans le suivi de la solvabilité des emprunteurs Les auteurs se demandent si le nivellement des bénéfices influe sur l'utilité des résultats dans l'établissement de contrats d'emprunt, grâce au suivi que permettent les ratios financiers dont les clauses restrictives des contrats d'emprunt exigent le respect. Ils étudient en premier lieu la conception du contrat initial et formulent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le nivellement des bénéfices augmentera (diminuera) le recours aux clauses restrictives fondées sur les ratios financiers si ce nivellement des bénéfices améliore (réduit) l'utilité des résultats pour assurer le suivi de la solvabilité des emprunteurs. Les auteurs constatent que les contrats d'emprunt privés octroyés à des emprunteurs qui nivellent davantage les bénéfices sont plus susceptibles de contenir des clauses restrictives exigeant le respect de ratios financiers. Un modèle structurel à l'aide duquel est analysée la cause de cette relation fournit des données indiquant que le nivellement améliore la faculté des résultats de refléter le risque de crédit. Ils étudient en second lieu la non‐conformité après la passation du contrat. Ils constatent que le nivellement des bénéfices est associé à une probabilité plus faible de non‐conformité douteuse (dans le cas où la performance économique de l'emprunteur n'a pas décliné mais que ce dernier transgresse néanmoins les clauses restrictives). En revanche, les auteurs ne relèvent aucun lien entre le nivellement des bénéfices et la non‐conformité de la performance (dans le cas où la performance économique de l'emprunteur a décliné). Globalement, ces observations confirment l'hypothèse selon laquelle le nivellement des bénéfices améliore l'efficacité de l'information que procurent les ratios financiers dans le suivi de la solvabilité des emprunteurs.

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  • Peter Demerjian & John Donovan & Melissa F. Lewis‐Western, 2020. "Income Smoothing and the Usefulness of Earnings for Monitoring in Debt Contracting," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(2), pages 857-884, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:2:p:857-884
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12544
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    3. Kimouche Bilal & Charchafa Ilyes, 2024. "Impact of Accounting Conservatism on Income Smoothing: Empirical Evidence from Algeria," Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series, Sciendo, vol. 34(1), pages 37-55, March.
    4. Chang, Hsihui & Ho, L.C. Jennifer & Liu, Zenghui & Ouyang, Bo, 2021. "Income smoothing and audit fees," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
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