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Shareholder Activism and Voluntary Disclosure Initiation: The Case of Political Spending†

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  • Vishal P. Baloria
  • Kenneth J. Klassen
  • Christine I. Wiedman

Abstract

Demand for disclosures on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues has increased dramatically. Using corporate political spending disclosures as our setting, we conduct a detailed inquiry of 541 political spending‐related shareholder proposals from 2004 to 2012 to highlight the role of shareholder activism as a mechanism to motivate ESG disclosure. Unlike earlier studies, we examine both proposals that went to a vote and proposals that were withdrawn by the activist, allowing us to assess more comprehensively the success of shareholder activism. We find that 20 percent of firms targeted by disclosure proposals begin disclosing in the subsequent year, although implementation rates vary by proposal type—8 percent for proposals subject to a vote versus 56 percent for proposals withdrawn. The sponsor is also important: unions and public pension funds are less likely than other activists to target firms with agency problems and are less successful in having proposals withdrawn, and the implementations they obtain are viewed more negatively by the broader investor base. Our findings highlight shareholder proposals as one mechanism through which investors can successfully express their preferences for corporate disclosure policies. Given activists' long‐standing interest in environmental and social disclosure policies, we believe our findings generalize to a broader set of ESG disclosures. Militantisme des actionnaires et amorce de la communication d'informations facultatives : le cas des dépenses politiques Les exigences relatives à la communication d'informations sur les questions environnementales et sociales et les questions liées à la gouvernance (ESG) se sont considérablement accrues. Les auteurs, qui s'intéressent plus particulièrement aux informations communiquées par les sociétés au sujet de leurs dépenses politiques, analysent en profondeur 541 propositions d'actionnaires relatives aux dépenses politiques, soumises entre 2004 et 2012, afin de faire ressortir le pouvoir de motivation du militantisme des actionnaires en ce qui touche la communication d'informations sur les questions ESG. À la différence des chercheurs précédents, ils étudient à la fois les propositions qui ont été soumises à un vote et celles qui ont été retirées par l'initiateur, ce qui leur permet d’évaluer de manière plus exhaustive le succès du militantisme des actionnaires. Les auteurs constatent que 20 pour cent des sociétés visées par des propositions quant à la communication d'informations commencent à fournir ces informations dans l'année subséquente, bien que les taux de mise en application varient selon la nature des propositions — 8 pour cent pour les propositions soumises à un vote par rapport à 56 pour cent pour les propositions retirées. L'initiateur est également important : les syndicats et les caisses de retraite publiques sont moins susceptibles que d'autres militants de viser des sociétés éprouvant des problèmes liés à la délégation, ils ont moins de succès dans l'obtention du retrait des propositions, et les mises en application auxquelles ils parviennent sont accueillies de façon plus négative par un public d'investisseurs élargi. Les observations des auteurs révèlent que les propositions des actionnaires sont l'un des mécanismes grâce auxquels les investisseurs peuvent exprimer efficacement leurs préférences quant aux politiques des sociétés en matière de communication d'informations. Compte tenu de l'intérêt de longue date des militants pour ces politiques relativement aux questions environnementales et sociales, les auteurs estiment que leurs constatations peuvent être généralisées à un ensemble plus large d'informations sur les questions ESG.

Suggested Citation

  • Vishal P. Baloria & Kenneth J. Klassen & Christine I. Wiedman, 2019. "Shareholder Activism and Voluntary Disclosure Initiation: The Case of Political Spending†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 904-933, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:904-933
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12457
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    1. Leftwich, Richard, 1981. "Evidence of the impact of mandatory changes in accounting principles on corporate loan agreements," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(1), pages 3-36, March.
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    1. Arduino, Francesca Romana & Buchetti, Bruno & Harasheh, Murad, 2024. "The veil of secrecy: Family firms’ approach to ESG transparency and the role of institutional investors," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 62(PB).
    2. Tsang, Albert & Frost, Tracie & Cao, Huijuan, 2023. "Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure: A literature review," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(1).
    3. Wan, Yang & Hong, Ziyi & Liu, Wenqing & Cui, Jiashuo, 2023. "Executives’ education: A catalyst for enhanced ESG disclosure," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PB).
    4. Lu, Jing & Qiu, Yuhang, 2024. "Does minority shareholder activism reduce stock idiosyncratic risk?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(PA).
    5. Wennanxiang Wang & Ridong Hu & Cheng Zhang & Yang Shen, 2023. "Does Socially Responsible Investing Make a Better Society?—A Micro Perspective through Mutual Funds and Their Investee Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, May.
    6. Almaghrabi, Khadija S. & Tsalavoutas, Ioannis, 2022. "Political spending, related voluntary disclosure, and the cost of public debt," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    7. Su-In Kim & Hyejeong Shin & Heejeong Shin & Sorah Park, 2019. "Organizational Slack, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability, and Integrated Reporting: Evidence from Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-17, August.
    8. Yinju Nie & Ming Jia, 2021. "The power of crowds: can minority shareholder activism promote management earnings forecast accuracy," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(5), pages 6333-6385, December.
    9. Adrian, Christofer & Garg, Mukesh & Viet Pham, Anh & Phang, Soon-Yeow & Truong, Cameron, 2022. "Policy and oversight of corporate political activities and the cost of equity capital," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(2).
    10. Ivan Diaz-Rainey & Paul A. Griffin & David H. Lont & Antonio J. Mateo-Márquez & Constancio Zamora-Ramírez, 2024. "Shareholder Activism on Climate Change: Evolution, Determinants, and Consequences," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 193(3), pages 481-510, September.
    11. Svenja Dube & Chenqi Zhu, 2021. "The Disciplinary Effect of Social Media: Evidence from Firms' Responses to Glassdoor Reviews," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(5), pages 1783-1825, December.
    12. Barros, Victor & Verga Matos, Pedro & Miranda Sarmento, Joaquim & Rino Vieira, Pedro, 2021. "Do activist shareholders influence a manager’s decisions on a firm’s dividend policy: A mixed-method study," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 387-397.

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