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Auditor Sensitivity to Real Earnings Management: The Importance of Ambiguity and Earnings Context

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  • Benjamin P. Commerford
  • Dana R. Hermanson
  • Richard W. Houston
  • Michael F. Peters

Abstract

Differentiating real earnings management (REM) from normal business decisions poses a unique challenge for auditors, researchers, and investors. The ambiguity associated with REM, and the fact that REM does not violate GAAP, may explain why its use is on the rise. While some assert that auditors are not, and should not be, concerned with REM, recent research suggests that REM may influence some auditor judgments. Using Correspondent Inference Theory (CIT) as our theoretical framework, we extend REM research by investigating the ways in which auditors respond to REM and how auditors deal with the intrinsic ambiguity associated with REM. We administer a 3×2 between‐subjects experiment to 113 highly‐experienced auditors, manipulating the level of ambiguity surrounding the observed REM (Explicit REM, Potential REM, or No REM) and the earnings context in which the client engages in REM (the client beat or missed the consensus earnings forecast). We find that auditors respond to REM by lowering assessments of management tone (i.e., management's commitment to a culture of high ethical standards), being more likely to discuss the issue with the audit committee, and being less likely to retain the client. Auditors respond to Explicit REM regardless of the earnings context, but respond to Potential (i.e., ambiguous) REM only when the client beats the forecast. Finally, we find that management tone mediates the relation between REM and auditor responses, even after controlling for various audit‐related risks. Thus, for auditors, REM appears to be primarily a “people” issue, as REM provides a negative signal about management. La sensibilité de l'auditeur à la gestion du résultat réel : importance de l'ambiguïté et du cadre contextuel des résultats La distinction entre la gestion du résultat réel (GRR) et les décisions d'affaires courantes soulève une difficulté particulière pour les auditeurs, les chercheurs et les investisseurs. L'ambiguïté associée à la GRR et le fait que la GRR ne contrevienne pas aux PCGR peuvent expliquer pourquoi son usage est à la hausse. Même si d'aucuns affirment que la GRR ne préoccupe pas ni ne devrait préoccuper les auditeurs, de récentes études semblent indiquer que la GRR peut influer sur les jugements de certains auditeurs. Utilisant l'inférence correspondante comme canevas théorique, les auteurs poussent plus loin la recherche sur la GRR en analysant de quelle façon les auditeurs y réagissent et gèrent l'ambiguïté intrinsèque qui y est associée. Ils soumettent 113 auditeurs chevronnés à une expérience 3×2 entre sujets, en manipulant le niveau d'ambiguïté entourant la GRR observée (GRR explicite, GRR potentielle ou absence de GRR) et le cadre contextuel des résultats dans lequel le client se livre à la GRR (prévisions de résultats consensuelles dépassées ou non atteintes par le client). Les auteurs constatent que les auditeurs réagissent à la GRR en évaluant à la baisse le ton donné par la direction (soit la détermination de la direction à promouvoir des normes d’éthique élevées), en étant davantage enclins à discuter de la question avec le comité d'audit et en étant moins susceptibles de conserver le client. Les auditeurs réagissent à la GRR explicite peu importe le cadre contextuel des résultats, mais ils réagissent à la GRR potentielle (soit la situation d'ambiguïté) seulement lorsque le client dépasse les prévisions de résultats. Enfin, les auteurs observent que le ton donné par la direction sert de vecteur à la relation entre la GRR et les réactions de l'auditeur, même une fois contrôlés les divers risques liés à l'audit. Par conséquent, pour les auditeurs, la GRR semble être avant tout une question propre aux personnes puisqu'elle produit un signal négatif à l'endroit de la direction.

Suggested Citation

  • Benjamin P. Commerford & Dana R. Hermanson & Richard W. Houston & Michael F. Peters, 2019. "Auditor Sensitivity to Real Earnings Management: The Importance of Ambiguity and Earnings Context," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 1055-1076, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:1055-1076
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12441
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    Cited by:

    1. Singh, Harjinder & Sultana, Nigar & Islam, Ariful & Singh, Abhijeet, 2022. "Busy auditors, financial reporting timeliness and quality," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(3).
    2. Oz, Seda, 2024. "The impact of terrorist attacks and mass shootings on earnings management," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(3).
    3. Chyz, James A. & Eulerich, Marc & Fligge, Benjamin & Romney, Miles A., 2023. "Codetermination and aggressive reporting: Audit committee employee representation, tax aggressiveness, and earnings management," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    4. Lee, Eugenia Y. & Ha, Wonsuk & Park, Sunyoung, 2023. "Auditor specialization in R&D and clients’ R&D investment-q sensitivity," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(2).
    5. Audrey Wen-Hsin Hsu & Chih-Hsien Liao, 2023. "Auditor industry specialization and real earnings management," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 607-641, February.
    6. Fernando Comiran & Subprasiri Siriviriyakul, 2023. "Detecting overproduction: Evidence from inventory write‐down," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(3), pages 3351-3386, September.
    7. Ahsan Habib & Dinithi Ranasinghe & Julia Yonghua Wu & Pallab Kumar Biswas & Fawad Ahmad, 2022. "Real earnings management: A review of the international literature," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(4), pages 4279-4344, December.

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