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EBITDA and Managers' Investment and Leverage Choices

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  • Oded Rozenbaum

Abstract

EBITDA is a commonly used performance measure for (i) valuation, (ii) debt contracting, and (iii) executive compensation. The widespread use of EBITDA by stakeholders may induce managers to focus their attention on EBITDA. Since EBITDA excludes various expenses, managers who fixate on EBITDA may underweight the excluded expenses when determining their firms' investments in capital and leverage levels. I find that managers who fixate on EBITDA overinvest in capital and overlever their firm relative to their industry peers. These results are robust to alternative proxies for managers' focus on EBITDA and alternative specifications. I also find that firms whose managers focus on EBITDA have weaker operating performance, which is attributed to higher depreciation expense. My primary proxy for managers' focus on EBITDA is whether they choose to disclose EBITDA in annual earnings announcements. I find that the use of EBITDA in setting executive compensation, the prevalence of EBITDA estimates by analysts, and the use of EBITDA‐based covenants in firms' debt contracts are all positively associated with the propensity to disclose EBITDA in earnings announcements. I find weaker evidence of opportunistic motives explaining EBITDA disclosure. These results are consistent with managers disclosing EBITDA to portray to investors that it is a metric they seek to maximize. Overall, this study suggests that while EBITDA is a widely used metric, there is a systematic cost to using this measure—it provides managers with incentives to overinvest in capital and to acquire excessive debt. BAIIA et choix des gestionnaires en matière d'investissement et de levier financier Le BAIIA est un indicateur de performance couramment utilisé à des fins i) d'évaluation, ii) de recours à l'emprunt et iii) de rémunération des cadres. L'usage répandu de cet indicateur chez les parties prenantes peut inciter les gestionnaires à se concentrer sur le BAIIA. Ce dernier ne tenant pas compte de diverses charges, les gestionnaires dont il mobilise l'attention risquent de sous‐évaluer lesdites charges dans leurs décisions en matière d'investissements en immobilisations et de niveau de levier financier. L'auteur constate que les gestionnaires qui se concentrent sur le BAIIA surinvestissent dans les immobilisations et abusent du levier financier, comparativement à leurs homologues du même secteur d'activité. Ces résultats résistent à l'usage de différentes variables de substitution à la concentration des gestionnaires sur le BAIIA et d'autres spécifications. Il observe également que les sociétés dont les gestionnaires se concentrent sur le BAIIA affichent un rendement de l'exploitation plus faible, attribué à une dotation aux amortissements plus élevée. La principale variable de substitution à la concentration des gestionnaires sur le BAIIA est le choix de publier ou non le BAIIA dans les annonces des résultats annuels. L'auteur note que l'utilisation du BAIIA dans la détermination de la rémunération des cadres, la prévalence des estimations du BAIIA proposées par les analystes et l'utilisation de clauses restrictives basées sur le BAIIA dans les contrats d'emprunt des sociétés affichent toutes un lien positif avec la propension à publier le BAIIA dans les annonces de résultats. Il relève des données moins probantes quant aux motivations opportunistes qui pourraient expliquer la publication du BAIIA. Ces résultats tendent à confirmer que les gestionnaires publieraient le BAIIA afin de signaler aux investisseurs leurs efforts pour maximiser cet indicateur. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude semble indiquer que, même si le BAIIA est un indicateur largement utilisé, son usage présente un coût systématique : il incite les gestionnaires à surinvestir dans les immobilisations et à abuser de l'emprunt.

Suggested Citation

  • Oded Rozenbaum, 2019. "EBITDA and Managers' Investment and Leverage Choices," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(1), pages 513-546, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:1:p:513-546
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12387
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    1. Hsu, Charles & Wang, Rencheng & Whipple, Benjamin C., 2022. "Non-GAAP earnings and stock price crash risk," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(2).
    2. Claudia Arena & Simona Catuogno & Nicola Moscariello, 2021. "The unusual debate on non-GAAP reporting in the current standard practice. The lens of corporate governance," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(3), pages 655-684, September.
    3. Mawih Kareem AL Ani & Kavita Chavali, 2023. "The relationship between investment intensity and profitability measures from the perspective of foreign investors," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Bang, You-Young & Lee, Dae Sung & Lim, Seong-Rin, 2019. "Analysis of corporate CO2 and energy cost efficiency: The role of performance indicators and effective environmental reporting," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    5. Laurion, Henry, 2020. "Implications of Non-GAAP earnings for real activities and accounting choices," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1).
    6. Hasan Yalçın, 2024. "Metric Conflict in Financial Analysis: A Comparison and Application of EBITDA and EVA," Muhasebe Enstitusu Dergisi - Journal of Accounting Institute, Istanbul University Business School, vol. 0(70), pages 39-57, January.

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