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Compliance with social distancing: Theory and empirical evidence from Ontario during COVID‐19

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  • Anastasios Papanastasiou
  • Bradley J. Ruffle
  • Angela Zheng

Abstract

We study the factors associated with compliance with social‐distancing regulations using a unique data set on the behaviour of Ontarians during the COVID‐19 pandemic. To start, we build a simple theoretical model of social distancing in order to understand how some individual and community‐level factors influence compliance. We test our model's predictions by designing and conducting a survey on Ontarians in June and July 2020 in which we elicit their degree of compliance with existing distancing regulations as well as alternative policies such as fines for non‐compliance and wage subsidies for staying at home. Consistent with our model, we find that variables related to one's risk of infection (e.g., pre‐existing health condition, age, necessity of working outside the home and regional COVID‐19 cases) are significant predictors of compliance as are gender, political beliefs, risk and time preferences. To boost compliance among those who are young, healthy or apartment dwellers, we demonstrate the effectiveness of fines and wage subsidies. Respect des règles de distanciation sociale : théorie et données empiriques observées en Ontario au cours de la pandémie de COVID‐19. En nous appuyant sur un ensemble de données uniques relatives au comportement des Ontariens au cours de la pandémie de COVID‐19, nous étudions les facteurs associés au respect des règles de distanciation sociale. Tout d'abord, nous développons un modèle théorique simple afin de mieux comprendre comment certains facteurs individuels ou communautaires peuvent avoir une incidence sur le respect des règles. Nous testons ensuite les prédictions de notre modèle par l'entremise d'une enquête réalisée et conduite entre juin et juillet 2020 dans laquelle nous interrogeons les Ontariens sur leur degré de respect des règles de distanciation sociale existantes ainsi que des solutions alternatives, par exemple les amendes en cas d'infraction ou le recours aux subventions salariales pour rester chez soi. Conformément à notre modèle, nous constatons que les variables liées au risque d'infection d'un individu, par exemple les antécédents médicaux, l'âge, la nécessité de travailler à l'extérieur ou le nombre de cas de COVID‐19 dans la région, représentent autant d'indicateurs fiables en matière de respect des règles que le genre, les opinions politiques, les préférences temporelles ou le degré d'aversion au risque. Nous démontrons également l'efficacité des amendes et des subventions salariales pour renforcer le respect des règles auprès de la population jeune, en bonne santé ou résidant en appartement.

Suggested Citation

  • Anastasios Papanastasiou & Bradley J. Ruffle & Angela Zheng, 2022. "Compliance with social distancing: Theory and empirical evidence from Ontario during COVID‐19," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(S1), pages 705-734, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:55:y:2022:i:s1:p:705-734
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12565
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    4. Ho Fai Chan & Martin Brumpton & Alison Macintyre & Jefferson Arapoc & David A Savage & Ahmed Skali & David Stadelmann & Benno Torgler, 2020. "How confidence in health care systems affects mobility and compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Maaz & Anastasios Papanastasiou & Bradley J. Ruffle & Angela L. Zheng, 2021. "Heterogeneity in the Support for Mandatory Masks Unveiled," Working Paper series 21-01, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
    2. Henrike Sternberg & Janina Isabel Steinert & Tim Büthe, 2023. "Compliance in the Public versus the Private Realm: Economic Preferences, Institutional Trust and COVID-19 Health Behaviors," Munich Papers in Political Economy 28, Munich School of Politics and Public Policy and the School of Management at the Technical University of Munich.
    3. James Allen IV & Arlete Mahumane & James Riddell IV & Tanya Rosenblat & Dean Yang & Hang Yu, 2021. "Correcting Perceived Social Distancing Norms to Combat COVID-19," NBER Working Papers 28651, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Shin, Su Hyun & Ji, Hyunjung & Lim, HanNa, 2021. "Heterogeneity in preventive behaviors during COVID-19: Health risk, economic insecurity, and slanted information," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    5. Henrike Sternberg & Janina Isabel Steinert & Tim Büthe, 2024. "Compliance in the public versus the private realm: Economic preferences, institutional trust and COVID‐19 health behaviors," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(5), pages 1055-1119, May.
    6. Daniel Goetz, 2022. "Does providing free internet access to low‐income households affect COVID‐19 spread?," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(12), pages 2648-2663, December.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • J38 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Public Policy

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