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The economics of cryptocurrency: Bitcoin and beyond

Author

Listed:
  • Jonathan Chiu
  • Thorsten V. Koeppl

Abstract

How well can a cryptocurrency serve as a means of payment? Cryptocurrencies need to overcome double‐spending by costly mining and by delaying settlement. We formalize this insight through an incentive constraint that rules out double‐spending and pins down the welfare costs of a cryptocurrency. We find that it is optimal to use seignorage rather than transaction fees to finance costly mining. In supplementary material, we study an extension with endogenous transaction fees and show quantitatively that the prime cost of Bitcoin arises from mining, but can be reduced substantially by optimally designing the reward system. L'économie des cryptomonnaies : au‐delà des Bitcoins. Dans quelle mesure une cryptomonnaie peut‐elle servir de mode de paiement? Les cryptomonnaies doivent surmonter la double dépense découlant du minage coûteux et des délais liés au règlement. Nous officialisons ce point de vue grâce à une contrainte incitative qui élimine la double dépense et clarifie les coûts économiques d'une cryptomonnaie. Nous constatons qu'il est optimal d'utiliser le seigneuriage plutôt que les frais de transaction pour financer le coût du minage. Dans les documents complémentaires, nous étudions une extension sur les frais de transaction endogènes et montrons quantitativement que les coûts de revient de base du Bitcoin découlent du minage, mais qu'ils peuvent être réduits considérablement par la conception optimale du système de récompense.

Suggested Citation

  • Jonathan Chiu & Thorsten V. Koeppl, 2022. "The economics of cryptocurrency: Bitcoin and beyond," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(4), pages 1762-1798, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:55:y:2022:i:4:p:1762-1798
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12625
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Schilling, Linda & Uhlig, Harald, 2019. "Some simple bitcoin economics," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 16-26.
    2. Jonathan Chiu & Thorsten V Koeppl, 2019. "Blockchain-Based Settlement for Asset Trading," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(5), pages 1716-1753.
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    9. Budish, Eric B., 2018. "The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and the Blockchain," Working Papers 279, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, George J. Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State.
    10. Lin William Cong & Ye Li & Neng Wang, 2021. "Tokenomics: Dynamic Adoption and Valuation [The demand of liquid assets with uncertain lumpy expenditures]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(3), pages 1105-1155.
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    12. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2017_027 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Easley, David & O'Hara, Maureen & Basu, Soumya, 2019. "From mining to markets: The evolution of bitcoin transaction fees," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(1), pages 91-109.
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    Cited by:

    1. Joshua S. Gans & Hanna Halaburda, 2023. ""Zero Cost'' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains," NBER Working Papers 31473, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Maarten R.C. van Oordt, 2024. "On Bubbles in Cryptocurrency Prices," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 24-050/IV, Tinbergen Institute.
    3. Tirimisiyu F. Oloko & Ahamuefula E. Ogbonna & Idris A. Adediran, 2024. "Digital Currencies and Macroeconomic Performance: A Global Perspective," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 27(2), pages 351-394, May.
    4. Jacob D. Leshno & Elaine Shi & Rafael Pass, 2024. "On the Viability of Open-Source Financial Rails: Economic Security of Permissionless Consensus," Papers 2409.08951, arXiv.org.
    5. Rodney Garratt & Maarten RC van Oordt, 2024. "Crypto Exchange Tokens," BIS Working Papers 1201, Bank for International Settlements.
    6. Wenpin Tang, 2023. "Trading and wealth evolution in the Proof of Stake protocol," Papers 2308.01803, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
    7. Laeeq Razzak Janjua & Iza Gigauri & Agnieszka Wójcik-Czerniawska & Elżbieta Pohulak-Żołędowska, 2024. "Risk Management in the Area of Bitcoin Market Development: Example from the USA," Risks, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-21, April.

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